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CAS No.: | 12125-02-9 |
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Name: | Ammonium chloride |
Article Data: | 40 |
Molecular Structure: | |
Formula: | NH4Cl |
Molecular Weight: | 53.4915 |
Synonyms: | Ammoniumchloride (8CI);Amchlor;Ammoneric;Catalyst RD;Darammon;Darvan 20;Salammoniac;Salmiac;feed grade Ammonium Chloride;food grade Ammonium Chloride;medical grade Ammonium Chloride; |
EINECS: | 235-186-4 |
Density: | 1.5274 g/cm3 |
Melting Point: | 338 °C (decomposes) |
Boiling Point: | 40.4 °C at 760 mmHg |
Solubility: | in water: 297 g/L (0 °C), 372 g/L (20 °C), 773 g/L (100 °C) |
Appearance: | white crystalline solid |
Hazard Symbols: | Xn,Xi |
Risk Codes: | 22-36 |
Safety: | 2-22 |
Transport Information: | UN 9085 |
PSA: | 0.00000 |
LogP: | -2.61980 |
Conditions | Yield |
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In diethyl ether | 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
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With C21H24NRh(2-) In tetrahydrofuran under 3040.2 Torr; for 120h; | 92% |
Conditions | Yield |
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In diethyl ether; hexane at 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; Glovebox; | 91% |
Conditions | Yield |
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In diethyl ether; toluene at 60℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 86% B 90% |
Conditions | Yield |
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Stage #1: nitrogen With potassium graphite; [(3-methyl-2,4-bis(2,6-xylylimido)pentyl)FeCl]2; potassium chloride under 760.051 Torr; Stage #2: hydrogenchloride | 82% |
With sodium t-butanolate In 1,2-dimethoxyethane; diethyl ether for 0.166667h; Schlenk technique; Sealed tube; |
pyridine hydrochloride
ammonium chloride
Conditions | Yield |
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In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; | 82% |
Conditions | Yield |
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In gaseous matrix deposition of Ar matrix (1-2 mmol/h, 20-24 h) onto cold window; not isolated, detd. by IR spectroscopy; |
Conditions | Yield |
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In gaseous matrix deposition of N2 matrix (1-2 mmol/h, 20-24 h) onto cold window; not isolated, detd. by IR spectroscopy; |
Conditions | Yield |
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With dihydrogen peroxide In water pH=3; Kinetics; UV-irradiation; |
Conditions | Yield |
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With hydrogenchloride; aluminum (III) chloride In carbon disulfide at 80℃; under 30003 Torr; for 12h; |
Ammonium chloride (also called Ammonium muriate) is highly soluble in water which is a white crystalline salt. It is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl. Both its product name and IUPAC name are the same. The substance should be stored in cool, dry and ventilated place. What's more, it can't be mix-carried with acids and harmful toxic substances. If contact it regularly, it is likely to cause chronic inflammation in eye conjunctiva and mucous membrane in respiratory tract.
Preparation of Ammonium chloride: Ammonium chloride can also be prepared by double replacement reaction using ammonium sulfate and salt. Firstly, you should add the ammonium chloride solution into the reactor and heat by 105 °C. After that, you should add the reaction mixture into the reactor and stirred it at 117 °C. Then it is filtered and partitioned. At last, you will gain Ammonium chloride after the filtrate is treated through several processes, e.g, purification, refrigeration, filtrate and arefaction.
(NH4)2SO4 + 2 NaCl → 2 NH4Cl + Na2SO4
Ammonium chloride is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia. This reaction can occur if poorly sealed bottles of household ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) and hydrochloric acid are stored in close proximity.
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
Uses of Ammonium chloride: Ammonium chloride is used to spice up dark sweets called salty liquorice, in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture, and in the flavouring Salmiakki Koskenkorva for vodkas. Ammonium chloride is commonly used to produce low temperatures in cooling baths. Generally, Ammonium chloride solutions with ammonia are used as buffer solutions. Ammonium chloride serves as a nitrogen source In biological applications and is used as a feed supplement in fertilizers for cattle and as an ingredient in nutritive media for yeast microbiological organisms. In fireworks and safety and contact explosives, Ammonium chloride will be used as an ingredient.
In several countries ammonium chloride is known as sal ammoniac and used as food additive. The E number for ammonium chloride used as a food additive is E510. Ammonium chloride is used in the textile and leather industry in dyeing, tanning textile printing and to luster cotton. Ammonium chloride is used as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or soldered and as an expectorant in cough medicine.
Reanctions: Ammonium chloride can react with strong base to release ammonia gas. When subliming, it will involve decomposition into ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas. Meanwhile, Ammonium chloride can also react with alkali metal carbonates at elevated temperatures to give ammonia and alkali metal chloride:
NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O
NH4Cl → NH3 + HCl
2 NH4Cl + Na2CO3 → 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O + 2 NH3
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
Ammonium chloride may cause damage to health. It is harmful if swallowed. In addition, it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. There will be a risk of serious damage to eyes. In case of contact with eyes, you should rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Whenever you will contact it, please wear suitable protective clothing.
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)Canonical SMILES: [NH4+].[Cl-]
(2)InChI: InChI=1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
(3)InChIKey: NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Toxicity of Ammonium chloride:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dog | LDLo | oral | 600mg/kg (600mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. | |
domestic animals - goat/sheep | LDLo | oral | 1500mg/kg (1500mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION | American Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol. 32, Pg. 1229, 1971. |
guinea pig | LDLo | intravenous | 220mg/kg (220mg/kg) | "Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie," Heffter, A., Berlin, Verlag von Julius Springer. V.1-3, 1920-35. For publisher information, see HEPHD2.Vol. 1, Pg. 470, 1923. | |
guinea pig | LDLo | subcutaneous | 72mg/kg (72mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. | |
infant | LDLo | oral | 2gm/kg (2000mg/kg) | CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES | American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 6, Pg. 506, 1988. |
mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 485mg/kg (485mg/kg) | Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences. Vol. 256, Pg. 1043, 1963. | |
mouse | LD50 | intravenous | 358mg/kg (358mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION BEHAVIORAL: COMA | Journal of Clinical Investigation. Vol. 37, Pg. 497, 1958. |
mouse | LD50 | oral | 1300mg/kg (1300mg/kg) | Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. Vol. 21, Pg. 257, 1990. | |
mouse | LDLo | subcutaneous | 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) | "Drug Dosages in Laboratory Animals - A Handbook," Rev. ed., Barnes, C.D., and L.G. Eltherington, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1973Vol. -, Pg. 39, 1973. | |
rabbit | LDLo | intravenous | 78mg/kg (78mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. | |
rabbit | LDLo | oral | 1gm/kg (1000mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. | |
rabbit | LDLo | subcutaneous | 200mg/kg (200mg/kg) | "Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie," Heffter, A., Berlin, Verlag von Julius Springer. V.1-3, 1920-35. For publisher information, see HEPHD2.Vol. 1, Pg. 470, 1923. | |
rat | LD50 | intramuscular | 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) | Experimental Medicine and Surgery. Vol. 4, Pg. 223, 1946. | |
rat | LD50 | oral | 1650mg/kg (1650mg/kg) | "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972Vol. -, Pg. 15, 1972. | |
rat | LD50 | unreported | 550mg/kg (550mg/kg) | French Demande Patent Document. Vol. #2444025, |