Histamine Receptor Antagonists
Histamine receptor antagonists, also known as antihistamines, are pharmacological agents that block the action of histamine at its receptor sites in the body. Histamine is a chemical messenger involved in various physiological processes, including allergic reactions, gastric acid secretion, neurotransmission, and inflammation. Histamine exerts its effects by binding to specific histamine receptors, primarily H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, each with distinct functions and distributions throughout the body. Antagonists inhibit histamine binding to these receptors, thereby preventing or reducing histamine-mediated responses. H1 receptor antagonists, such as diphenhydramine and cetirizine, are commonly used to relieve allergic symptoms like itching, sneezing, and runny nose by blocking H1 receptors in peripheral tissues. H2 receptor antagonists, like ranitidine and famotidine, are used to reduce gastric acid secretion and treat conditions such as peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by targeting H2 receptors in the stomach.
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