99-91-2

Basic information

• Product Name: 4'-Chloroacetophenone
• Synonyms: 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethanon;1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone[qr];4’-chloro-acetophenon;4-acetylchlorobenzene;4-chloroacetophenone[qr];4-chlorophenylmethylketone;Acetophenone, 4'-chloro-;acetophenone,4-chloro-[qr]
• CAS NO: 99-91-2
• Molecular Formula: C₈H₇ClO
• Molecular Weight: 154.59
• EINECS: 202-800-7
• Product Categories: Chlorobenzene Series;Acetophenone Series;FINE Chemical & INTERMEDIATES;Aromatic Acetophenones & Derivatives (substituted);Organics;C7 to C8;Carbonyl Compounds;Ketones
• Mol File: 99-91-2.mol
• Article Data: 673

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 74-76 °C(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 232 °C(lit.)
• Flash Point: 194 °F
• Appearance: Clear colorless to yellow/Liquid After Melting
• Density: 1.192 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• Vapor Pressure: 8 mm Hg ( 90 °C)
• Refractive Index: n20/D 1.554(lit.)
• Storage Temp.: Store below +30°C.
• Solubility: 111mg/l (slow decomposition)
• Water Solubility: 111 mg/L (25 ºC)
• Merck: 14,2116
• BRN: 386014
• CAS DataBase Reference: 4'-Chloroacetophenone(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: 4'-Chloroacetophenone(99-91-2)
• EPA Substance Registry System: 4'-Chloroacetophenone(99-91-2)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: T+,Xn
• Statements: 22-26-37/38-41-36/37/38-36/37
• Safety Statements: 26-28-36/37/39-45-28A-36
• RIDADR: UN 3416 6.1/PG 2
• WGK Germany: 3
• RTECS: KM5600000
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 6.1
• PackingGroup: II
• Hazardous Substances Data: 99-91-2(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

4'-Chloroacetophenone is an organic compound that belongs to the class of phenolic derivatives. It is characterized by the presence of a chlorine atom attached to the 4' position of the acetophenone molecule, which consists of a phenyl group linked to an ethanone group. This chemical structure endows 4'-Chloroacetophenone with specific properties that make it suitable for various applications, particularly in the field of law enforcement and personal defense.

Uses

Used in Law Enforcement:
4'-Chloroacetophenone is used as a tear gas for riot control, serving as an effective means to manage and disperse crowds during civil unrest or protests. Its ability to cause intense irritation to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin makes it a potent agent for controlling large groups of people.
Used in Personal Defense:
In addition to its role in riot control, 4'-Chloroacetophenone is also utilized as a component of chemical mace or pepper spray. It is employed for self-defense purposes against small groups or individuals, providing a non-lethal means of protection. When used in this context, 4'-Chloroacetophenone can incapacitate an aggressor temporarily, allowing the user to escape or seek assistance.

Synthesis Reference(s)

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 44, p. 2568, 1979 DOI: 10.1021/jo01328a051Tetrahedron Letters, 42, p. 265, 2001 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)01935-3Synthetic Communications, 25, p. 2261, 1995 DOI: 10.1080/00397919508011781

Safety Profile

Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful irritant and lachrymator. Human systemic effects by inhalation: lachrymation and unspecified effects on the eye and sense of smell. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use water, foam, alcohol foam, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition or on contact with water or steam it emits toxic fumes of Cl-

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Downstream Products

• 197512-40-6 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethan-1-ol 
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• 1712-70-5 1-chloro-4-(1-methylethenyl)-benzene 
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Relevant articles and documents

Catalytic oxidation of alcohols by a novel manganese Schiff base ligand derived from salicylaldehyd and l-Phenylalanine in ionic liquids

A selective oxidation of alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate([bmim]BF4) was achieved by using a novel salicylaldehyd amino acid Schiff base manganese ligand. The catalytic s

Stepwise benzylic oxygenation via uranyl-photocatalysis

Stepwise oxygenation at the benzylic position (1°, 2°, 3°) of aromatic molecules was comprehensively established under ambient conditions via uranyl photocatalysis to produce carboxylic acids, ketones, and alcohols, respectively. The accuracy of the stepwise oxygenation was ensured by the tunability of catalytic activity in uranyl photocatalysis, which was adjusted by solvents and additives demonstrated through Stern–Volmer analysis. Hydrogen atom transfer between the benzylic position and the uranyl catalyst facilitated oxygenation, further confirmed by kinetic studies. Considerably improved efficiency of flow operation demonstrated the potential for industrial synthetic application.

An Artificial Light-Harvesting System with Tunable Fluorescence Color in Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate Micellar Systems for Photochemical Catalysis

In the present work, an artificial light-harvesting system with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is successfully fabricated in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) micellar systems. Since the tight and orderly arrangement of dodecyl in the SDS micelles is hydrophobic, tetra-(4-pyridylphenyl)ethylene (4PyTPE) can be easily encapsulated into the hydrophobic layer of SDS micelles through noncovalent interaction, which exhibits aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon and can be used as energy donor. By using amphoteric sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) fluorescent dye attached to the negatively charged surface of SDS micelles through electrostatic interaction as energy acceptor, the light-harvesting FRET process can be efficiently simulated. Through the steady-state emission spectra analysis in the micelle-mediated energy transfer from 4PyTPE to SR101, the fluorescence emission can be tuned and white light emission with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.29) can be successfully achieved by tuning the donor/acceptor ratio. More importantly, to better mimic natural photosynthesis, the SDS micelles with 4PyTPE and SR101 FRET system showed enhanced catalytic activity in photochemical catalysis for dehalogenation of α-bromoacetophenone in aqueous solution and the photocatalytic reaction could be extended to gram levels.