7718-54-9 Usage
Description
Nickel chloride, also known as nickel(II) chloride (NiCl2), is a nickel-based halide compound prepared by burning nickel in chlorine. It is a water-soluble compound that crystallizes to form a hexahydrate and is majorly utilized in organic synthesis as a catalyst and a precursor. Nickel chloride is a yellow deliquescent solid with a boiling point of 973°C (1690°F) and is soluble in water and alcohol. It is rarely found in nature and is typically produced and used either as an anhydrous salt or as a hydrate, such as nickel chloride hexahydrate or nickel chloride dihydrate.
Uses
1. Nickel chloride is used as an electroplating agent for nickel plating onto the surfaces of other metals, accelerating the dissolution of anode metal nickel and increasing the electrolyte level of the solution.
2. It is used as a chemical reagent in laboratories for various purposes, including the preparation of nickel salts and nickel catalysts.
3. Nickel chloride solutions are employed in the electrolytic refining of nickel and as a chemical intermediate for nickel catalysts and complex nickel salts.
4. It is used as an absorber of ammonia gas in industrial gas masks, providing protection against ammonia exposure.
5. Nickel chloride serves as a catalyst in the production of diarylamine and silicon tetrachloride.
6. It is used as an agent in electrodeless plating of nickel and tin-nickel alloy plating.
7. Nickel chloride is utilized as a fungicide for the control of rust and rust-like diseases in various applications.
Used in Electroplating Industry:
Nickel chloride is used as an electroplating agent for nickel plating onto other metal items, enhancing the properties of the metal surface.
Used in Chemical Industry:
Nickel chloride is used as a chemical reagent, a catalyst in organic synthesis, and a precursor for the preparation of various nickel salts and nickel catalysts.
Used in Gas Mask Industry:
Nickel chloride is used as an NH3 absorbent in gas masks, providing protection against ammonia exposure.
Used in Agriculture:
Nickel chloride is used as a fungicide for the control of rust and rust-like diseases, helping to protect crops and plants.
However, it is important to note that workers exposed to different forms of nickel have an elevated risk of lung cancer. Additionally, nickel and its compounds, particularly insoluble compounds of nickel, have been reported to be potent carcinogens and toxic agents in humans and experimental animals. Therefore, nickel compounds are considered to be an industrial/occupational health hazard.
Properties
NICKEL CHLORIDE is a brown or green colored solid. Its hexahydrate is a green monoclinic crystal, which is weathered in dry air and deliquescent in moist air. It is easily soluble in water, ethanol and ammonia. It is easily reduced to nickel when heated in hydrogen and becomes nickel oxide by heating in the air. It loses water of crystallization and becomes anhydrous in high temperature. The aqueous solution is acidic. Nickel chloride can combine with the anions of many inorganic and organic molecules to form nickel complexes, and form insoluble precipitates in weak acids.
Preparation
Anhydrous nickel chloride is prepared by burning nickel in chlorine gas.
Some other methods of preparation involve
(1) the action of acetyl chloride on nickel acetate in a nonaqueous solvent such as benzene:
(CH3COO)2Ni + 2CH3COCl → NiCl2 + 2CH3COOCOCH3
(2) the action of thionyl chloride on nickel chloride hexahydrate:
NiCl2?6H2O + 6SOCl2 → NiCl2 + 12HCl + 6SO2
(3) heating nickel chloride hexahydrate or nickel chloride ammoniate:
NiCl2?6H2O → NiCl2 + 6H2O
NiCl2?6NH3 → NiCl2 + 6NH3
The hexahydrate is prepared either by the action of hot dilute hydrochloric acid on nickel powder or by dissolving nickel oxide in dilute hydrochloric acid followed by crystallization. For the preparation of ammoniate, see Reactions below.
Preparation
Nickel(II) chloride can be obtained by reaction of the elements either in a flow
system at high temperatures or by reaction in ethanol at 20°. It is readily prepared in the laboratory by dehydration of the hexahydrate with thionyl chloride.
Reaction
When ammonia gas is passed over anhydrous nickel chloride the product is an ammoniate, hexamine nickel chloride, NiCl2?6NH3. Ammoniate also can be prepared in solution by dissolving nickel chloride hexahydrate in an aqueous solution of ammonia.
Nickel chloride forms double salts with alkali metal chlorides or ammonium chloride. Such double salts, NH4Cl?NiCl2?6H2O, are obtained as hexahydrate when crystallized from a mixed solution of nickel chloride and ammonium chloride in equimolar amounts.
Warming a solution of nickel chloride and sodium hydroxide at moderate concentrations may partially precipitate a basic salt of indefinite composition. The average composition of this salt is NiCl2?3Ni(OH)2. Salt composition may vary depending on reaction conditions.
When hydrogen sulfide is passed through a buffered solution of nickel chloride, nickel sulfide, NiS, precipitates.
An alcoholic solution of nickel chloride, when treated with an ethereal solution of dithiobenzoic acid, C6H5CSSH, blue nickel(II) dithiobenzoate,(C6H5CSS)2Ni, is formed:
NiCl2 + 2C6H5CSSH→ Ni (C6H5CSS)2 + 2HCl
The product oxidizes readily to a violet dimeric nickel(IV) complex.
Health Hazards
Acute Health Effects
The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Nickel Chloride:
Contact can irritate and bum the skin and eyes.
Breathing Nickel Chloride can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing cough, phlegm and shortness of breath.
?
Chronic Health Effects
The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to Nickel Chloride and can last for months or years:
Cancer Hazard
Nickel Chloride may cause mutations (genetic changes). Whether or not it poses a cancer or reproductive hazard needs further study.
Reproductive Hazard
There is limited evidence that Nickel Chloride is a teratogen in animals. Until further testing has been done, it should be treated as a possible teratogen in humans.
Other Long-Term Effects
Nickel Chloride may cause a skin allergy. If allergy develops, very low future exposure can cause itching and a skin rash.
Nickel Chloride may cause an asthma-like allergy. Future exposure can cause asthma attacks with shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, and/or chest tightness.
Repeated exposure may cause scarring of the lungs and may affect the kidneys.
References
[1] X. N. Zhang, Y. X. Li and Z. H. Zhang, Nickel chloride-catalyzed one-pot three-component synthesis of pyrazolophthalazinyl spirooxindoles, Tetrahedron, 2011, vol. 67, 7426-7430
[2] Z. Jiang, J. Xie, D. Jiang, X. Wie and M. Chen, Modifiers- assisted formation of nickel nanoparticles and their catalytic application to p-nitrophenol reduction, CrystEngComm, 2013, vol. 15, 560-569
[3] NA Eckert, EM Bones, RJ Lachicotte and PL Holland, Nickel complexes of a bulky beta-diketiminate ligand, Inorg. Chem., 2003, vol. 42, 1720-1725
Production Methods
Nickel chloride (hexahydrate) is obtained by reacting metal
nickel powder or nickel oxide with hot, dilute hydrochloric
acid.
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Safety Profile
Confirmed human
carcinogen. Poison by ingestion,
intravenous, intramuscular, and
intraperitoneal routes. An experimental
teratogen. Experimental reproductive
effects. Mutation data reported. When
heated to decomposition it emits very toxic
fumes of Cl-. See also NICICEL
COMPOUNDS.
Potential Exposure
Nickel chloride is used in electroplating
and ink manufacturing.
Environmental Fate
Nickel chloride is water soluble (642 g l-1 for anhydrous;
2540 g l-1 for hexahydrate) and would be expected to release
divalent nickel into the water. Since nickel chloride quickly
dissolves upon exposure to moist environments, and partially
due to the ubiquity of nickel in soil, water, and air, tracking the
course of the salt through the environment is difficult. This is
particularly due to nickel’s ability to complex with anionic
species other than chloride to form nickel oxide, sulfate, nitrate,
carbonate, or acetate, among others.
Industrial uses of nickel chloride result in nickel being
distributed mainly at soil surfaces and through surrounding
waterways and water tables. Once distributed to the soil, nickel
chloride produces nickel(II) ions to potentially form inorganic
crystalline minerals or precipitates, can complex or adsorb onto
organic and inorganic surfaces, can participate in cation
exchange, and can exist as free-ion or chelated metal complexes
in soil solution.
Toxicity evaluation
The parent metal alters sodium balance and lipid metabolism;
it induces metallothionein synthesis. Nickel chloride affects the T-cell portion of the immune system and suppresses the activity
of natural killer cells. If given orally or by inhalation, nickel
chloride has been reported to decrease iodine uptake by the
thyroid gland. The lipid peroxidation properties of nickel can
introduce potential malignancies in humans, as DNA strand
gaps and breaks in DNA–protein cross-links can form. The
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism by nickel ions
may produce nephrotoxicity in humans as well.
Incompatibilities
Strong acids, potassium, sulfur. Forms
an impact-sensitive mixture with potassium.
Waste Disposal
Recycle or disposal in a
chemical waste landfill is recommended.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 7718-54-9 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,7,1 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 5 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7718-54:
(6*7)+(5*7)+(4*1)+(3*8)+(2*5)+(1*4)=119
119 % 10 = 9
So 7718-54-9 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/2ClH.Ni/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
7718-54-9Relevant articles and documents
Zink, Lyndon R.,Brown, John M.,Gilson, Trevor R.,Beattie, Ian R.
, p. 501 - 506 (1988)
Process for producing p-xylene
-
, (2008/06/13)
In a process for producing p-xylene which comprises catalytically methylating toluene with a methylating agent in the gaseous phase, the improvement wherein (a) said methylation is carried out continuously in a multi-stage reaction system consisting of a plurality of separate series-connected fixed catalyst layers without separating the resulting xylenes in an intermediate stage, (b) said toluene is fed together with hydrogen gas into only the first-stage fixed catalyst layer and passed successively through the subsequent fixed catalyst layers, the amount of toluene fed being such that the total weight hourly space velocity of toluene is from 1 to 300 hr-1, (c) said methylating agent is fed into each of said fixed catalyst layers, if desired together with hydrogen gas, the amount of the methylating agent fed into each catalyst layer being 0.01/t moles to 1/t moles, in which t is the number of methyl groups in the methylating agent, per mole of toluene fed into the first-stage catalyst layer, and the total amount of the methylating agent fed into all of the catalyst layers being within the range of 0.1/t moles to 2/t moles, in which t is as defined, per mole of toluene fed into the first-stage catalyst layer, and (d) each fixed catalyst layer is filled with a catalyst composed of a crystalline aluminosilicate containing magnesium oxide or lanthanide oxide.
