5949-29-1

Basic information

• Product Name: Citric acid monohydrate
• Synonyms: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monohydrate;1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylicacid,2-hydroxy-,monohydrate;2,3-propanetricarboxylicacid,2-hydroxy-monohydrate;citric;Citric acid hydrate;Citricacidhydrate;Citronensαure-hydrat;CitronensαureMonohydrat
• CAS NO: 5949-29-1
• Molecular Formula: C₆H₈O₇*H₂O
• Molecular Weight: 210.1388
• EINECS: 200-662-2
• Product Categories: C-D, Puriss p.a. ACS;Puriss p.a. ACS;Buffers A to ZCarbonyl Compounds;Other BiochemicalBiological Buffers;Biochemicals Found in Plants;C6Nutrition Research;Carboxylic Acids;SigmaUltra Buffers;ACS GradeCarbonyl Compounds;Essential Chemicals;Other Biochemical;Analytical Reagents;Analytical Reagents for General Use;Puriss;Buffers A to ZEssential Chemicals;USP/MultiCompendial Grade Buffers;USPBiological Buffers;Biological Buffers;Routine Reagents;Buffers A to ZNutrition Research;Reagent GradeMetabolic Pathways;Metabolites and Cofactors on the Metabolic Pathways Chart;Other BiochemicalEssential Chemicals;TCA;BioXtra Buffers;Biological Buffers;Buffers A to Z;Building Blocks;C6;Carbonyl Compounds;Carboxylic Acids;Chemical Synthesis;Nutrition Research;Organic Building Blocks;Other Biochemical;Phytochemicals by Chemical Classification;ACS Grade;Essential Chemicals;Inorganic Salts;Research Essentials;Solutions and Reagents;Citric Acid Monohydrate is mainly used as acidu
• Mol File: 5949-29-1.mol
• Article Data: 5

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: -94 °C(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 56 °C760 mm Hg(lit.)
• Flash Point: 1 °F
• Appearance: White/Solid
• Density: 0.791 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• Vapor Density: 2 (vs air)
• Vapor Pressure: 184 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
• Refractive Index: n20/D 1.359(lit.)
• Storage Temp.: Store at RT.
• Solubility: H2O: soluble54% (w/w) at 10°C (Citric acid in water)
• PKA: 3.138, 4.76, 6.401
• Water Solubility: 1630 g/L (20 ºC)
• Sensitive: Hygroscopic
• Stability: Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents, nitrates.
• Merck: 14,2326
• BRN: 4018641
• CAS DataBase Reference: Citric acid monohydrate(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Citric acid monohydrate(5949-29-1)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Citric acid monohydrate(5949-29-1)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: F,Xi
• Statements: 11-36-66-67-41-36/37/38-37/38
• Safety Statements: 9-16-26-37/39-36/37/39-36
• RIDADR: UN 1090 3/PG 2
• WGK Germany: 1
• RTECS: AL3150000
• TSCA: Yes
• Hazardous Substances Data: 5949-29-1(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

Citric acid monohydrate is a natural organic acid found in citrus fruits, characterized by its colorless or translucent crystalline structure and a strong acidic taste. It is odorless, with an orthorhombic crystal structure, and loses its water of crystallization when exposed to dry air or heat. Citric acid monohydrate serves as a versatile compound with applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries due to its preservative, antioxidant, and chelating properties.

Uses

Used in Food Industry:
Citric acid monohydrate is used as an acidulant to control pH, an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood, and a flavoring agent to add a sour taste to various food products. It acts as a preservative and antioxidant, and is also utilized as an antistaling agent in fruit drinks, candy, cookies, biscuits, canned fruits, jams, and jellies.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Citric acid monohydrate is employed as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties, maintaining the stability of active ingredients. It is also used as a preservative and serves as a pH-control agent in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, it is used in the preparation of citrate buffers for various medical purposes, such as in platelets for intravital microscopy and for the electrophoresis of bacterial enzymes.
Used in Biotechnological Applications:
Citric acid monohydrate is used in the preparation of citric acid solutions for biotechnological techniques, such as the acetone method of 68Ga pre-purification and radiolabeling. It is also utilized as a carbon source in the synthesis of carbon nanodots and for tissue sample preparation in the citric acid solubilization technique.
Used in Chemical Synthesis:
Citric acid monohydrate is used as a release-modifying agent to improve the release of diltiazem hydrochloride from melt extruded Eudragit RS PO tablets. It also serves as an iron chelator and improves the utilization of nutritional calcium in animals. Furthermore, it is a useful buffer component for antigen and epitope unmasking.

Production Methods

At present, the production method of citric acid monohydrate crystal in industry includes first separating the citric acid fermentation liquid from solid-liquid to obtain citric acid clear liquid, Citric acid clear night through calcium salt method The purified solution obtained by (hydrogen calcium method), acidolysis and decolorization is heated, concentrated and crystallized to produce anhydrous citric acid. The mother liquor separated from anhydrous citric acid crystal slurry is put into the crystallization cylinder after being filtered by plate and frame, and the citric acid concentrated solution reaches the supersaturated state through cooling to precipitate the crystal. When the temperature is reduced to about 13 ℃, centrifugal separation is started, and the wet crystal enters the dryer for drying dry. After the mother liquor is filtered, decolorized and concentrated by plate and frame, it is injected into the crystallization cylinder, and the above steps are repeated for cooling crystallization, centrifugal separation and drying. In this way, it is repeated four to five times. Finally, the separated mother liquor is returned to the extraction workshop after chromatographic separation for re purification.

Production Methods

Citric acid occurs naturally in a number of plant species and may be extracted from lemon juice, which contains 5–8% citric acid, or pineapple waste. Anhydrous citric acid may also be produced industrially by mycological fermentation of crude sugar solutions such as molasses, using strains of Aspergillus niger . Citric acid is purified by recrystallization; the anhydrous form is obtained from a hot concentrated aqueous solution and the monohydrate from a cold concentrated aqueous solution.

Pharmaceutical Applications

Citric acid (as either the monohydrate or anhydrous material) is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and food products, primarily to adjust the pH of solutions. It has also been used experimentally to adjust the pH of tablet matrices in enteric-coated formulations for colon-specific drug delivery. Citric acid monohydrate is used in the preparation of effervescent granules, while anhydrous citric acid is widely used in the preparation of effervescent tablets. Citric acid has also been shown to improve the stability of spray-dried insulin powder in inhalation formulations. In food products, citric acid is used as a flavor enhancer for its tart, acidic taste. Citric acid monohydrate is used as a sequestering agent and antioxidant synergist. It is also a component of anticoagulant citrate solutions. Therapeutically, preparations containing citric acid have been used to dissolve renal calculi.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Citric acid plays a major role in textile, food, pharmaceutical, metal and chemical industries. Melting citric acid monohydrate can give rise to itaconic anhydride. The crystals of citric acid monohydrate has the ability to preserve water up to 56 degree celsius.

Safety

Citric acid is found naturally in the body, mainly in the bones, and is commonly consumed as part of a normal diet. Orally ingested citric acid is absorbed and is generally regarded as a nontoxic material when used as an excipient. However, excessive or frequent consumption of citric acid has been associated with erosion of the teeth. Citric acid and citrates also enhance intestinal aluminum absorption in renal patients, which may lead to increased, harmful serum aluminum levels. It has therefore been suggested that patients with renal failure taking aluminum compounds to control phosphate absorption should not be prescribed citric acid or citrate-containing products.

storage

Citric acid monohydrate loses water of crystallization in dry air or when heated to about 408℃. It is slightly deliquescent in moist air. Dilute aqueous solutions of citric acid may ferment on standing.

Purification Methods

Crystallise it from hot H2O solution (w/w solubility is 54% at 10o, 71% at 50o and 84% at 100o. The monohydrate (softens at ~75o and melts at ~100o) dehydrates in air or when heated gently above 40o . The triethylester ( M 276.3, b 127o/1mm, 294o/atm, d 4 1.137, n D 1.4420.) is a bitter tasting oil. [Beilstein 3 H 556 and 568, 3 IV 1272.]

Incompatibilities

Citric acid is incompatible with potassium tartrate, alkali and alkaline earth carbonates and bicarbonates, acetates, and sulfides. Incompatibilities also include oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents, and nitrates. It is potentially explosive in combination with metal nitrates. On storage, sucrose may crystallize from syrups in the presence of citric acid.

Regulatory Status

GRAS listed. The anhydrous form is accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (inhalations; IM, IV, and other injections; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions and tablets; topical and vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in Japan and the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

InChI:InChI=1/C6H8O7.H2O/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);1H2

Synthetic route

sodium chlorite (7758-19-2) → citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide

2-(4-(3-(5-ethyl-4-oxo-7-propyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-propoxyphenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl 6-(nitrooxy)hexanoate + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → C6H8O7*C32H46N6O9S

Conditions	Yield
In methanol at 20℃; for 0.166667h;	98.8%

(S)-2-(4-(3-(5-ethyl-4-oxo-7-propyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-propoxyphenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl 5,6-bis(nitrooxy)hexanoate + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → C6H8O7*C32H45N7O12S

Conditions	Yield
In methanol at 20℃; for 0.166667h;	97.8%

L-lysine (56-87-1) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → L-lysine calcium citrate

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: citric acid monohydrate With calcium oxide In water at 20℃; Stage #2: L-lysine In water at 70 - 80℃; for 4h;	97.1%

L-arginine (74-79-3) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → L-arginine calcium citrate

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: citric acid monohydrate With calcium hydroxide In water at 20℃; Stage #2: L-arginine In water at 70 - 80℃; for 4h;	96%

Acetyl-L-carnitine (3040-38-8) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → acetyl L-carnitine calcium citrate

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: citric acid monohydrate With calcium carbonate In water at 20℃; Stage #2: Acetyl-L-carnitine In water at 70 - 80℃; for 4h;	95.8%

citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + propionyl-L-carnitine (20064-19-1) → propionyl L-carnitine calcium citrate

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: citric acid monohydrate With calcium hydroxide In water at 20℃; Stage #2: propionyl-L-carnitine In water at 70 - 80℃; for 4h;	95.3%

ammonia (7664-41-7) + dihydrogen peroxide (7722-84-1) + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + zinc(II) carbonate (743369-26-8) → Zn(2+)*4NH4(1+)*[Ti2(O2)2(H(O2CC(CH2CO2)2O)2)]2(6-)*12H2O=Zn(NH4)4([Ti2(O2)2(H(O2CC(CH2CO2)2O)2)]2)*12H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water TiCl4 added dropwise to a water on ice bath, H2O2 and acid added, allowed to warm to room temp., carbonate added, pH adjusted to 2 (aq. ammonia); crystd. (THF/water) for several d at 4°C; elem. anal.;	94.6%

water (7732-18-5) + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + lithium hydroxide (1310-65-2) → 2Li(1+)*Ti(4+)*3O2CC(CH2CO2)2O(4-)*6H(1+)*4H2O=Li2[Ti(HO2CC(CH2CO2)2OH)3]*4H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water TiCl4 added dropwise to a water on ice bath, acid added at room temp., pH adjusted to 2 (LiOH); stored for several d at room temp.; elem. anal.;	93.7%

[(1R)-1-{2-[(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 2-[4-(carboxymethyl)-2-[(1R)-1-{2-[(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]-5-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-4-yl]acetic acid

Conditions	Yield
In ethyl acetate at 70℃; for 2h;	89.5%

chloroauric acid + ammonia (7664-41-7) + dihydrogen peroxide (7722-84-1) + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → (ammonium)7[Ti4(η2-peroxo)4(citrate(4-))2(citrate(3-))2][AuCl4]*12water

Conditions	Yield
In water addn. of titanium chloride to water at 0°C, addn. of hydrogen peroxide and citric acid, warming to room temp., addn. of gold compd., adjusting pH to 2 by aq. ammonia; crystn. at 4°C from aq. THF, elem. anal.;	89%

aluminum(III) nitrate nonahydrate + ammonia (7664-41-7) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 4NH4(1+)*[Al(C6H4O7)(C6H5O7)](4-)*2H2O=(NH4)4[Al(C6H4O7)(C6H5O7)]*2H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water byproducts: H2O; dissolving of Al(NO3)3*9H2O and citric acid monohydrate with 1:2 molar ratio in nano-pure water; stirring at 50°C overnight, rotary evapn. to dryness, redissolving in min. amt. of H2O, adjusting of pH to 4.5 with aq. ammonia; crystn. at 4°C in abs. ethanol, filtration; elem. anal.;	88.4%

ammonia (7664-41-7) + dihydrogen peroxide (7722-84-1) + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + caesium carbonate (534-17-8) → Cs2(NH4)6[Ti4(O2)4(citric acid(-3H))2(citric acid(-4H))2]Cl2*8H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water TiCl4 added dropwise to H2O, cooled in an ice bath, H2O2 soln. and citric acid monohydrate added, warmed to room temp., treated with Cs2CO3, pH adjusted to 2 using NH3 soln.; crystd. from H2O/THF at 4°C for days; elem. anal.;	87.4%

ammonia (7664-41-7) + dihydrogen peroxide (7722-84-1) + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + lithium carbonate (554-13-2) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 2Li(1+)*4NH4(1+)*[Ti2(O2)2(H(O2CC(CH2CO2)2O)2)]2(6-)*5H2O=Li2(NH4)4([Ti2(O2)2(H(O2CC(CH2CO2)2O)2)]2)*5H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water TiCl4 added dropwise to a water on ice bath, H2O2 and acid added, allowed to warm to room temp., carbonate added, pH adjusted to 2 (aq. ammonia); crystd. (THF/water) for several d at 4°C; elem. anal.;	86.4%

lanthanum(III) oxide + water (7732-18-5) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → [La(citric acis(-3H))(H2O)] (790221-94-2, 15416-19-0)

Conditions	Yield
In water High Pressure; under hydrothermal conditions; equimolar mixt. of La2O3 and citric acid in water (pH 2.2-2.5) heated at 120°C for 5 d; ppt. sepd. from hot mixt.; washed with cold water; dried under vac.; elem. anal.;	85%

citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + p-nitrobenzyl (4R,5S,6S)-3-<(3S,5S)-5-dimethylaminocarbonyl-1-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio>-4-methyl-7-oxo-6-<(1R)-1-trimethylsilyloxoethyl>-1-azabicyclo<3.2.0>hept-2-en-2-carboxylate (105344-45-4) → p-nitrobenzyl (4R,5S,6S)-3-<(3S,5S)-5-dimethylaminocarbonyl-1-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio>-6-<(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl>-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo<3.2.0>hept-2-en-2-carboxylate (96036-02-1)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol	84%
In methanol	84%

manganese(II)carbonate + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → [(Mn(H2Cit)]n (84800-36-2, 583844-43-3)

Conditions	Yield
In water High Pressure; under aerobic conditions; citric acid hydrate (2 mmol) and MnCO3 (1 mmol) dissolved in H2O, mixt. heated at 160°C in sealed teflon tube for 3 d; elem. anal.;	84%
With Ca(NO3)2 In water High Pressure; under aerobic conditions; citric acid hydrate, Ca(NO3)2, and MnCO3 (molar ratio = 8:1:4-5) dissolved in H2O, mixt. heated at 160°C in sealed teflon tube for 3 d; elem. anal.;

ethanol (64-17-5) + silver(I) citrate (126-45-4) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + triphenylphosphine (603-35-0) → [(Ph3P)2Ag(H2cit)]*EtOH (1370733-78-0)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol mixt. Ag3cit, citric acid monohydrate, PPh3 and EtOH was heated with stirring; soln. was filtered hot and allowed to cool slowly, ppt. was colledcted and washed with ice-cold EtOH; elem. anal.;	84%

[(1R)-1-{2-[(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 2-{2-[(1R)-1-{2-[(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]-4-(carboxymethyl)-5-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-4-yl}acetic acid

Conditions	Yield
In ethyl acetate at 70℃; for 1.5h;	83.1%

[(1R)-1-(2-{[2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]formamido}acetamido)-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 2-[4-(carboxymethyl)-2-[(1R)-1-(2-{[2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]formamido}acetamido)-3-methylbutyl]-5-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-4-yl]acetic acid

Conditions	Yield
In ethyl acetate at 70℃; for 1.5h;	82%

water (7732-18-5) + vanadia + 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate (5144-89-8) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → [V2O3(1,10-phenanthroline)3(citric acid(-3H))]*5H2O

Conditions	Yield
With KOH In ethanol; water V2O5 dissolved in KOH soln., mixed with an aq. soln. of citric acid monohydrate, 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate in EtOH added, brought to pH 4.0 with a KOH soln.; crystd. for 2 wk, sepd., washed with EtOH; elem. anal.;	81%

citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + 2,2-difluoroethyl triflate (74427-22-8) → 1-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-7-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1190893-07-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide	81%

[(1R)-1-{2-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid (1072833-69-2) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 2-[4-(carboxymethyl)-2-[(1R)-1-{2-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]-5-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-4-yl]acetic acid

Conditions	Yield
In ethyl acetate at 70℃; for 2h;	80.5%

titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + potassium hydroxide → dipotassium tricitratotitanate tetrahydrate

Conditions	Yield
In water aq. KOH was added to an aq. soln. to pH about 2; recrystd. from hot water; elem. anal.;	80%

ammonium hydroxide + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → (NH4)2[Ti(citric acid-2H)3]*3H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water pH of aq. soln. of TiCl4 and citric acid monohydrate adjusted to 2.0 by addn. aq. ammonia, stirred for 30 min; ppt. collected and recrystd. from hot water; elem. anal.;	80%

ammonium hydroxide + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + zinc(II) oxide → [NH4]2[Zn(H2O)6][Ti(citric acid(-2H))3]2*6H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water ZnO (5 mmol) added to aq. soln. of TiCl4 (10 mmol) and citric acid monohydrate (30 mmol); pH adjusted to 2.0 by addn. of NH4OH; elem. anal.;	80%

ammonium hydroxide + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + iron (7439-89-6) → [NH4]2[Fe(H2O)6][Ti(citric acid(-2H))3]2*6H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water Fe (5 mmol) added to aq. soln. of TiCl4 (10 mmol) and citric acid monohydrate (30 mmol); pH adjusted to 2.0 by addn. of NH4OH; elem. anal.;	80%

[(1R)-1-{2-[(5-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → 2-{2-[(1R)-1-{2-[(5-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)formamido]acetamido}-3-methylbutyl]-4-(carboxymethyl)-5-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-4-yl}acetic acid

Conditions	Yield
In ethyl acetate at 70℃; for 0.5h;	80%

(5-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-1-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methylmethanesulfonate + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) + methylamine (74-89-5) → 1-{5-[(2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-1-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl}-N-methylmethanamine monocitrate

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: (5-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-1-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methylmethanesulfonate; methylamine In methanol; toluene at 5℃; for 1.25h; Stage #2: citric acid monohydrate In isopropyl alcohol	76.3%

manganese (II) acetate tetrahydrate (6156-78-1) + tripotassium citrate monohydrate (6100-05-6) + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → KMn(citrate)(H2O) (860812-77-7)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol; water High Pressure; 2 equiv. of Mn-salt, 1.5 equiv. of K-citrate and 1.0 equiv. of citric acid were heated in alcohol/H2O at 160 °C for 3 d in a teflon-linedstainless steel autoclave; cooling, crystals were air-dried, elem. anal.;	76%

NH4[Ce(ethylenediaminetetraacetate)(H2O)3]*5H2O + citric acid monohydrate (5949-29-1) → [NH4]8[Ce2(citrate)2(ethylenediaminetetraacetate)2]*9H2O

Conditions	Yield
With ammonium hydroxide In water a soln. of Ce-complex and citric acid in water was stirred for 0.5 h, pHwas adjusted to 5.5 by 5% NH4OH, heated at 70°C for 2 days; evapd., washed with cold water and ethanol, dried in air; elem. anal.;	76%

Upstream product

• 7758-19-2 sodium chlorite 

Downstream Products

• 394205-05-1 2-phenyl-ethenesulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide 
• 394205-03-9 2-phenyl-ethenesulfonic acid [5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide 
• 103788-65-4 (5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)ethanol 
• 96036-02-1 p-nitrobenzyl (4R,5S,6S)-3-<(3S,5S)-5-dimethylaminocarbonyl-1-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio>-6-<(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl>-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo<3.2.0>hept-2-en-2-carboxylate 
• 158168-60-6 4-nitrobenzyl (1 R ,5 S ,6 S)-2-(2-diethylcarbamoylphenylthio)-1-methyl-6-[1(R)-hydroxyethyl]-1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylate 
• 86134-70-5 3-(piperidinomethyl)thiophenol 
• 80429-43-2 1-Isopropyl-2-{2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-1H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole; compound with 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid 
• 110545-39-6 1-Methyl-2-{2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-1H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole; compound with 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid 
• 80429-41-0 1-Isopropyl-2-{2-[4-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-1H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole; compound with 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid 
• 110545-38-5 2-{2-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-1-isopropyl-1H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole; compound with 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid 
• 110567-32-3 1-Isopropyl-2-[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-1H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole; compound with 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid 
• 110545-40-9 2-{2-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-1-methyl-1H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole; compound with 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pentanedioic acid 
• 862543-54-2 maropitant citrate 
• 540737-29-9 Tofacitinib citrate 

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An aqueous composition includes an activator, a chlorite ion source, and water. The aqueous composition is alkaline. The aqueous composition produces chlorine dioxide upon contact with an acid. A method of producing chlorine dioxide includes contacting the aqueous composition with an acid.

Viscous surfactant emulsion compositions

Antiinfective water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions comprising amphoteric surfactants of betaines and amine oxides, hydrophobic materials and emulsion aids.

Process for the production of bicyclo(3.3.0)octane-3,7-dione-2-carboxylic acid esters

The invention relates to a process for the production of D,L-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione-2-carboxylic acid esters of Formula I STR1 wherein R is methyl or ethyl, and Z isoxygen or the ketal residue STR2 wherein X means ethylene, trimethylene or 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene, characterized in that D,L-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione-2,6-dicarboxylic acid esters of Formula II STR3 wherein R has the meanings given above, are partially saponified and decarboxylated in an aqueous or water-containing medium in the presence of acids, and are optionally selectively ketalized.