289-95-2 Usage
Description
Pyrimidine is a simple nitrogenous organic molecule characterized by its heterocyclic ring structure, which is an essential component of the pyrimidine bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil. These bases are found in nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, and are crucial for various biological processes. Pyrimidine is also a key component in the synthesis of many pharmaceutical and naturally derived compounds, making it an important molecule in the fields of chemistry and biology.
Uses
1. Pharmaceutical Industry:
Pyrimidine is used as a building block in the synthesis and discovery of antiviral medication, particularly for HIV and HSV treatments. It is also used in the synthesis of potent inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase, which helps in reducing the release of leukotrienes.
2. Pharmaceutical Raw Materials:
Pyrimidine serves as a crucial component in the production of various drugs, including vitamin B, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and 6-mercaptopurine. Its derivatives, cytosine, uracil, and thymine, are important components of nucleic acids and are found in many pharmaceutical compounds.
3. Pesticide Industry:
Pyrimidine is used as a raw material for the production of various pesticides, such as diazinon, pyrimidinol, blasticidin, bromacil, rumacil, crimidine, dodemorph, dimethirimol, ethirimol, bupirimate, pirazinon, pirimicarb, primicid, pirimiphos-methyl, polyoxin, pyramat, Pirimiphos-ethyl, etrimfos, triarimol, and fenarimol.
4. Dye Industry:
Pyrimidine is used as a raw material for dye production, particularly for dyes with a trihalogenated pyrimidine nucleus. These dyes have the ability to react well with fiber and are considered as reactive dyes, attracting attention in the dye industry.
5. Chemical Synthesis:
Pyrimidine is used as a building block in chemical synthesis, contributing to the development of various products and compounds.
6. Research and Development:
Pyrimidine is utilized in research to assess the extent of pyrimidine/purine asymmetry quantitatively and to study the photoinduced ion chemistry of halogenated pyrimidines, which are prototype radiosensitizing molecules.
Chemical Properties:
Pyrimidine appears as a colorless crystalline or liquid substance, with some variations ranging from colorless to pale yellow. It is sparingly soluble in water and is an organic nitrogenous base that gives rise to a group of biologically important derivatives.
Six-membered heterocyclic compounds
Pyridine, also known as "metadiazine", is a six-membered heteroaromatic ring compound containing two nitrogen atoms in the meta-position, being isomers with pyridazine and pyrazine. It has a molecular formula of C4H4N2 with the molecular weight being 80.09. It appears as colorless liquid or solid crystals with a pungent odor. It has a melting temperature of 20~22 ℃, boiling point of 123~124 °C and refractive index of 1.4998 (20 °C). It is easily soluble in water, ethanol and ether with weak alkaline and being capable of forming salts with acid. Its alkalinity is weaker than pyridine. It is also more difficult for it to participate into electrophilic substitution reaction than pyridine. It can only undergo bromination at the 5th position and is not capable of having nitrification and sulfonation reaction, but more prone to participate into nucleophilic substitution. Pyrimidine derivatives are widely found in nature. For example, vitamin B1, uracil, cytosine and thymine all contain pyrimidine structure. Its picrate salt appears as yellow needle-like crystals. It has a melting temperature of 156 °C. Owing to the presence of conjugated double bonds in the structure, pyrimidine has strong absorption capability on ultraviolet light. It is manufactured through phosphorus oxychloride oxidation of barbituric acid, followed by reduction through hydrogen iodide.
Nucleic acid contains three important pyrimidine derivatives, being an important base in nucleic acid, plays an important role in the body of organisms.
DNA mainly contains cytosine and thymine while RNA mainly contains cytosine and uracil, in some nucleic acids, there are also small amount of pyrimidine modified base, for example:
Sulfadiazine and its derivatives are commonly used antibacterial anti-inflammatory drugs.
The above information is edited by Andy Edwards of lookchem.
Pyrimidine base
Pyrimidine base is one of the chemical compositions of the nucleotides. It consists of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and other elements. Pyrimidine bases include uracil, cytosine, and thymine, where uracil and cytosine constitute the bases in ribonucleic acid molecules while thymine and cytosine constitute bases in deoxyribonucleic acid molecules. Pyrimidine base has a strong absorption on ultraviolet in the wavelength of 250~280nm. The raw materials for its synthesis are derived from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartic acid. Pyrimidine base can also be metabolized into carbon dioxide, β-alanine and β amino-isobutyric acid and other substances. Some patients, due to congenital factors or taking certain drugs, can get pyrimidine alkali metabolic disorders, causing whey aciduria.
The functions of purine, pyrimidine and other substances
Purines and pyrimidines are essential heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds that used in nucleic acid metabolism in organisms (including humans) and are important substances in the formation of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid in cells. Purine, pyrimidine and ribose and phosphate can combine to form RNA; purine, pyrimidine and deoxyribose can bind to phosphate to produce DNA. DNA is the main chemical constituent of genes, which plays an important role in the transmission of genes (genetics); the main function of RNA is the regulation of intracellular protein synthesis. The final product of purine metabolism is mainly uric acid. Barley and malt contains 0.2% to 0.3% of the dry matter of nucleic acid. Upon the saccharification, the dry matter of nucleic acid can be subject to the degradation of various phosphatases to form nucleotides, nucleosides, purines and pyrimidine and many other degradation products, of which only purine and pyrimidine can enter into yeast cells to constitute ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, adenosine triphosphate and some coenzymes. Nucleotides are difficult to be absorbed. If the medium is lack of purine and pyrimidine, the cells have to rely on carbohydrates and amino acids for synthesis, thus consuming a lot of energy and influence the proliferation of yeast. In general, wort is not lack of the required purine and pyrimidine.
References: Chinese Medical Encyclopedia Editorial Board Editor; Guo Di editor in chief. Chinese Encyclopedia of Medicine ? fifty-seven pediatrics.
Preparation
1, take malondialdehyde and formamide as raw materials and have reaction upon heating; we can obtain pyrimidine.
2, it can be manufactured through the catalytic hydrogenation of 2, 4-dichloropyrimidine in the system.
3, use zinc powder to reduce 2, 4, 6-trichloropyrimidine, pyrimidine can be obtained.
4, the reaction between ethyl acetoacetate and amidine (below) can produce pyrimidine.
Fluorouracil
Fluorouracil is a pyrimidine antimetabolite. In the body, it is first converted into 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine nucleotides (FUdRP), causing inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TMPS), preventing the conversion of deoxyuridine nucleotide into thymidine, interfering with DNA synthesis and leading to cell damage and death. It has a stronger effect in the presence of leucovorin (CF) because FUdRP, FH4 and TMPS can form triple complexes making the active metabolite of drug bind more tightly with the enzyme, so addition of CF when applying will yield better efficacy, especially improving the efficacy upon being applied to colorectal cancer. This product is cell cycle-specific drugs with killing effects on proliferated cells at all stages. It is most sensitive to the S phase, and also has retardation effect on the G1/S border. Oral absorption is not complete, and the drug is easily inactivated upon liver metabolism. After intravenous infusion or arterial infusion, the blood concentration is relatively stable.
Fluorouracil has relative significant effect against choriocarcinoma and malignant mole. It also has certain curative effects on gastric cancer, colon cancer, rectum cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer and skin cancer.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 289-95-2 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 2,8 and 9 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 289-95:
(5*2)+(4*8)+(3*9)+(2*9)+(1*5)=92
92 % 10 = 2
So 289-95-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C4H4N2/c1-2-5-4-6-3-1/h1-4H
289-95-2Relevant articles and documents
Coupled heterogeneous photocatalysis using a P-TiO2-αFe2O3 catalyst and K2S2O8 for the efficient degradation of a sulfonamide mixture
Guzmán-Mar, Jorge L.,Hernández-Ramírez, Aracely,Hinojosa-Reyes, Laura,Mendiola-Alvarez, Sandra Y.,Palomino-Cabello, Carlos,Turnes-Palomino, Gemma
, (2020/03/18)
Phosphorous-doped Ti-Fe mixed oxide (P-TiO2-αFe2O3) catalysts were prepared by the microwave-assisted sol-gel route and characterized using XRD, SEM, N2 physisorption, UV–vis diffuse reflectance, FTIR, and XPS. P-TiO2-αFe2O3 was evaluated during the degradation of a sulfonamide mixture (5 mg/L, each) under visible light. The photocatalytic process was optimized with a face-centered central composite design. Under optimal conditions (0.5 wt% of αFe2O3, pH 10, and 0.75 g/L of catalyst loading), the sulfate radical advanced oxidation process was carried out using 5 mM K2S2O8 (PS). P doping shifted the light absorption of P-TiO2-αFe2O3 in the visible light range owing to substitutional doping, while the coupling of P-TiO2 with α-Fe2O3 enhanced the absorption in the visible range, which resulted in an increase in the lifetime of the charge carriers and in a superior photoactivity of the P-TiO2-αFe2O3 catalyst in comparison to that of TiO2. The mineralization yield of the sulfonamides (SNs) mixture was enhanced in the presence of an electron acceptor (SO4 ? [rad]), allowing nearly 69 % within 300 min with the P-TiO2-αFe2O3/PS system, while P-TiO2-αFe2O3 and K2S2O8 oxidation achieved only 27 % and 21 %, respectively. The biodegradability index was 0.48 using the P-TiO2-αFe2O3/PS system, indicating a less toxic effluent than the original compounds. Recycling tests demonstrated that P-TiO2-αFe2O3 exhibits good stability in activating PS for SNs degradation during three cycles. Two main intermediates (pyrimidine and hydroquinone) and their hydroxylated re-arrangements were detected during the degradation of the SNs by the coupled process. Oxalic, oxamic, sulfonic, and acetic acids were also identified as by-products from the degradation of the SNs.
Flow hydrodediazoniation of aromatic heterocycles
R?der, Liesa,Nicholls, Alexander J.,Baxendale, Ian R.
, (2019/06/05)
Continuous flow processing was applied for the rapid replacement of an aromatic amino group with a hydride. The approach was applied to a range of aromatic heterocycles, confirming the wide scope and substituent-tolerance of the processes. Flow equipment was utilized and the process optimised to overcome the problematically-unstable intermediates that have restricted yields in previous studies relying on batch procedures. Various common organic solvents were investigated as potential hydride sources. The approach has allowed key structures, such as amino-pyrazoles and aminopyridines, to be deaminated in good yield using a purely organic-soluble system.
Infrared spectra of pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine in solid argon
Breda,Reva,Lapinski,Nowak,Fausto
, p. 193 - 206 (2007/10/03)
The vibrational spectra of monomeric diazines (pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine) isolated in solid argon and of the neat crystalline phase of these compounds, at 10 K, are reported and discussed. Full assignment of the spectra is presented, providing evidence that the assignments of several bands previously undertaken for the compounds under other experimental conditions (e.g., gas phase, neat liquid or solution) shall be reconsidered. The interpretation of the experimental data is supported by extensive DFT calculations performed with the B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and by comparison with the anharmonic vibrational calculations reported by Boese and Martin [J.Phys.Chem. A, 108 (2004) 3085] and Berezin et al. [Russian J.Phys.Chem., 79 (2005) 425; Opt.Spectrosc., 97 (2004) 201]. Spectra/structure correlations were extracted from the data, enabling to conclude that, while the π-electron systems in both pyrazine and pyrimidine rings are strongly delocalized over all heavy-atoms, in pyridazine the canonical form with one CC and two CN double bonds strongly predominates. Finally, the UV-induced photoisomerization of matrix isolated monomeric pyrazine to pyrimidine is reported.