21490-63-1Relevant articles and documents
Stereoselective Photooxidation of trans-2-Butene to Epoxide by Nitrogen Dioxide Excited with Red Light in a Cryogenic Matrix
Nakata, Munetaka,Frei, Heinz
, p. 5240 - 5247 (1989)
Reaction was induced between trans-2-butene and nitrogen dioxide by exciting trans-butene-NO2 pairs, isolated in solid Ar at red, yellow, and green wavelengths (NO22B2 2A1).The chemistry was monitored by FT-infrared spectroscopy, and Ar ion and cw dye lasers were used for photolysis.Products formed were 2-butene oxide + NO, the former under complete retention of stereochemistry, and an addition product that was identified by (18)O isotopic substitution as a butyl nitrite radical, reported here for the first time.Analysis of the photolysis-wavelengthdependence of the butyl nitrite radical and trans-2-butene oxide (NO) growth kinetics revealed that epoxide + NO is formed along two reaction pathways.The first gives trans-2-butene oxide + NO and butyl nitrite radical upon absorption of a single photon by trans-2-butene-NO2 pairs (one photon path).The second path is formation of trans-2-butene oxide + NO by photodissociation of trapped butyl nitrite radical by a (second) red or shorter wavelength photon (two-photon path).Two alternative transients are proposed for the one-photon path, namely a hot butyl nitrite radical and an oxirane biradical, respectively.The wavelength dependence of the product branching along the one-photon path indicates that branching occurs from a vibrationally unrelaxed transient.This suggests that the observed stereochemical integrity originates from insufficient coupling of the stretching and bending vibrations of the transient with torsion around its central C-C bond on the time scale of reaction to epoxide + NO and its stabilization as butyl nitrite radical.
PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIS OF PICOLINAMIDES
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Paragraph 0236, (2021/04/23)
The present technology relates to processes, mixtures and intermediates useful for making picolinamide fungicides. The picolinamide compounds are prepared by processes that include coupling together a 4-methoxy-3-acyloxypicolinic acid with key 2-amino-L-alaninate esters derived from substituted 2-phenylethanols.
2,3-Butanediol dehydration catalyzed by silica-supported alkali phosphates
Kim, Wooyoung,Shin, Wookyun,Lee, Kyoung Jun,Cho, YongSeok,Kim, Hyung Soon,Filimonov, Igor N.
, p. 148 - 163 (2018/11/26)
Characterization of acid-base centers and catalytic dehydration of 2,3-butanediol (BDO) was performed over a wide range of silica-supported alkali phosphates (M_P/SiO2; M = Na, K, Cs; M:P = 0.5–3 mol:mol). Selectivity to 1,3-butadiene (BD) and 3-butene-2-ol (3B2OL) formed by elimination correlates with the densities of conjugated acid-base pairs and increases in the order Na ??M+ moieties. Isolated Br?nsted acid centers are probably silica grafted phosphoric acid molecules at low M/P and –PO(OH)2 end groups of oligophosphates at M/P > 1.5. Deactivation rate increases with the increase of M/P ratio in order Na K Cs. Deactivation patterns imply that sites responsible for elimination are active in dehydrative epoxidation. Dehydration of 3B2OL smoothly proceeds to BD, but the catalysts deactivate faster compared to BDO dehydration.
Oxidation of lower alkenes by Α-oxygen (FeIII–O??)Α on the FeZSM-5 surface: The epoxidation or the allylic oxidation?
Starokon, Eugeny V.,Malykhin, Sergei E.,Parfenov, Mikhail V.,Zhidomirov, Georgy M.,Kharitonov, Alexander S.
, p. 43 - 51 (2017/11/15)
Reactions of anion-radical α-oxygen (FeIII–O??)α with propylene and 1-butene on sodium-modified FeZSM-5 zeolites were studied in the temperature range from ?60 to 25 °C. Products were extracted from the zeolite surface and identified. It was found that main reaction pathway was the epoxides formation. Selectivity for epoxides at ?60 °C was 59–64%. Other products were formed as a result of secondary transformations of epoxides on the zeolite surface. According to IR spectroscopy, the oxidation of propylene over the entire temperature range and 1-butene at ?60 °C were not accompanied by the formation of (FeIII–OH)α groups, in distinction to methane oxidation. This testifies that hydrogen abstraction does not occur. In case of 1-butene reaction with α-oxygen at 25 °C, hydrogen abstraction occurred but was insignificant, ca 7%. According to DFT calculation ferraoxetane intermediate formation is preferable over hydrogen abstraction. Following decomposition of this intermediate leads to the propylene oxide (PO) formation. The results may be relevant to the low selectivity problem of the silver catalyst in propylene epoxidation and raise doubts about the presently accepted mechanism explaining an adverse effect of allylic hydrogen.
A method for preparing epoxy butane
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Paragraph 0019; 0020, (2017/03/08)
The invention relates to a method for preparing epoxy butane, which comprises the following step: in an isopropyl benzene solution containing 25 wt% of cumene hydroperoxide solute, preparing epoxy butane from butylene oxide by using the cumene hydroperoxide solute as an oxidizer and a titanium-silicon molecular sieve with three-dimensional pore canal structure as a catalyst, wherein the fixed bed reaction conditions are as follows: the mole ratio of butylene to the cumene hydroperoxide solute is (5.0-12.0):1, the weight hourly space velocity of the cumene hydroperoxide is 1.0-5.0 h, the reaction pressure is 1.0-6.0 MPa, and the temperature is 60.0-120.0 DEG C. The catalyst is the titanium-silicon molecular sieve with three-dimensional pore canal structure; the molecular sieve has hysteresis loop on the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm; the average pore size is 2.0-8.0nm, and the specific area is 650.0-1100.0 m/g; and the catalyst has the advantages of favorable activity and high epoxy butane selectivity, and can be widely popularized and applied to industrial production of epoxy butane by butylene epoxidation.
Gas-phase dehydration of vicinal diols to epoxides: Dehydrative epoxidation over a Cs/SiO2 catalyst
Kim, Tae Yong,Baek, Jayeon,Song, Chyan Kyung,Yun, Yang Sik,Park, Dae Sung,Kim, Wooyoung,Han, Jeong Woo,Yi, Jongheop
, p. 85 - 99 (2015/09/28)
A novel type of dehydration reaction that produces epoxides from vicinal diols (dehydrative epoxidation) using a basic catalyst is reported. Epoxyethane, 1,2-epoxypropane, and 2,3-epoxybutane were produced from the dehydrative epoxidation of ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, and 2,3-butanediol, respectively. Among a number of tested basic catalysts, the Cs/SiO2 catalyst showed outstanding performance for the dehydrative epoxidation of 2,3-butanediol and is considered to be the most promising catalyst for this type of reaction. In order to identify the superiority of the Cs/SiO2 catalyst and a mechanism of the reaction, structure-activity relationships were studied along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The following features are found to be responsible for the excellent activity of the Cs/SiO2 catalyst: i) strong basic sites formed by Cs+, ii) low penetration of Cs+ into SiO2 which permits basic sites to be accessible to the reactant, iii) stable basic sites due to the strong interactions between Cs+ and SiO2 surface, and iv) mildly acidic surface of SiO2 which is advantageous for the elimination to H2O. In addition, the dehydrative epoxidation involves an inversion of chirality (e.g. meso-2,3-butanediol (R,S) to trans-2,3-epoxybutane (R,R or S,S)), which is in agreement with DFT results that the reaction follows a stereospecific SN2-like mechanism.
A comprehensive test set of epoxidation rate constants for iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin cation radical complexes
Sainna, Mala A.,Kumar, Suresh,Kumar, Devesh,Fornarini, Simonetta,Crestoni, Maria Elisa,De Visser, Sam P.
, p. 1516 - 1529 (2015/03/04)
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are heme based monoxygenases that catalyse a range of oxygen atom transfer reactions with various substrates, including aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation as well as epoxidation reactions. The active species is short-lived and difficult to trap and characterize experimentally, moreover, it reacts in a regioselective manner with substrates leading to aliphatic hydroxylation and epoxidation products, but the origin of this regioselectivity is poorly understood. We have synthesized a model complex and studied it with low-pressure Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS). A novel approach was devised using the reaction of [FeIII(TPFPP)]+ (TPFPP = meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphinato dianion) with iodosylbenzene as a terminal oxidant which leads to the production of ions corresponding to [FeIV(O)(TPFPP+a?￠)]+. This species was isolated in the gas-phase and studied in its reactivity with a variety of olefins. Product patterns and rate constants under Ideal Gas conditions were determined by FT-ICR MS. All substrates react with [FeIV(O)(TPFPP+a?￠)]+ by a more or less efficient oxygen atom transfer process. In addition, substrates with low ionization energies react by a charge-transfer channel, which enabled us to determine the electron affinity of [FeIV(O)(TPFPP+a?￠)]+ for the first time. Interestingly, no hydrogen atom abstraction pathways are observed for the reaction of [FeIV(O)(TPFPP+a?￠)]+ with prototypical olefins such as propene, cyclohexene and cyclohexadiene and also no kinetic isotope effect in the reaction rate is found, which suggests that the competition between epoxidation and hydroxylation - in the gas-phase - is in favour of substrate epoxidation. This notion further implies that P450 enzymes will need to adapt their substrate binding pocket, in order to enable favourable aliphatic hydroxylation over double bond epoxidation pathways. The MS studies yield a large test-set of experimental reaction rates of iron(iv)-oxo porphyrin cation radical complexes, so far unprecedented in the gas-phase, providing a benchmark for calibration studies using computational techniques. Preliminary computational results presented here confirm the observed trends excellently and rationalize the reactivities within the framework of thermochemical considerations and valence bond schemes.
Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide by Using Bifunctional One-Component Phosphorus-Based Organocatalysts
Büttner, Hendrik,Steinbauer, Johannes,Werner, Thomas
, p. 2655 - 2669 (2015/09/02)
Numerous bifunctional organocatalysts were synthesized and tested for the atom-efficient addition of carbon dioxide and epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates. These catalysts are based on phosphonium salts containing an alcohol moiety in the side chain for substrate activation through hydrogen bonding. In the model reaction, converting 1,2-butylene oxide with CO2, 19 catalysts were tested to determine structure-activity relationships. In total, 28 epoxides were converted with CO2 to give the respective cyclic carbonates in yields of up to 99%. Even at 45C, the most active catalyst was able to produce cyclic carbonates selectively in high yields. The carbonates were generally obtained as analytically pure products after simple filtration over silica gel. This single-component catalyst system works under neat and mild reaction conditions and tolerates several useful moieties. Two heads are better than one! Bifunctional organocatalysts are synthesized and tested in the catalytic reaction of epoxides and carbon dioxide to give the respective cyclic carbonates. Product formation is significantly increased by hydrogen-bond donation from the bifunctional phosphonium catalyst.
Catalytic epoxidation of olefins in the presence of a vanadyl porphyrin complex
Miralamov,Mamedov
, p. 25 - 27 (2007/10/03)
It was found that vanadyl porphyrin complexes synthesized from petroleum metal porphyrin concentrates stimulated epoxidation during the olefin oxygenation process. The yields of obtained oxiranes turned out to be 38-75%, depending on the olefin structure. An epoxidation mechanism that suggests the formation of a protonated dioxygen adduct as an intermediate during oxygenation of olefins in the presence of vanadyl porphyrin complexes was proposed. An analogy is drawn between the epoxide formation reaction upon the catalytic oxygenation of olefins and the Prilezhaev reaction. MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
Surface-modified mixed oxides containing noble metal and titanium for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons
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Page 10, (2008/06/13)
This invention relates to a process for the production of a composition containing gold and/or silver particles, mixed oxides containing titanium and silicon which have been surface-modified, to the compositions producible in this process and to the use thereof in processes for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen and a reducing agent. The catalytically active compositions exhibit constantly high selectivities and productivities.
