Journal of Materials Chemistry A
Communication
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The Sn catalysts were also used to catalyze the conversion of
fructose in ethanol (Scheme S2 and Table S2†), which could
produce different products depending on the nature of the
3a,b,19a,20a
catalyst acidity.
For example, ethyl lactate would be
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formed as major product over Lewis catalysts (Route 1 in
20
Scheme S2†), while HMF could be formed as the major
product over Brønsted acids or Brønsted and Lewis acids.
Further conversion of HMF leads to the formation of ethoxy-
20,21
methylfurfural and ethyl levulinate (Route 2 in Scheme S2†).
Sn–SBA-15, S–Sn–Me, and S–Sn–OH catalysts give high fructose
conversion (82.3–100%), but their product selectivities are quite
different. Sn–SBA-15 and S–Sn–Me catalysts with Lewis acid
sites generate ethyl lactate as the major product (23.9 and
10.2%). However, S–Sn–OH, with both Lewis and Brønsted acid
sites, generates major products of ethyl levulinate and ethox-
ymethylfurfural. These results are explained by the fact that the
presence of Brønsted acid sites on S–Sn–OH can effectively
catalyze the conversion of fructose through Route 2.
In summary, an alternative Sn catalyst with Brønsted acid
sites (S–Sn–OH) was created by graing hydroxyl-attached Sn
species onto the surface of SBA-15. The S–Sn–OH catalyst with
Brønsted acid sites shows outstanding performance in the
acetalisation of glycerol, a valuable reaction for the utilization of
biomass. The results reported here are highly signicant since
Brønsted acids play important roles in the elds of fuels and
energy. The strategy reported in this work will allow the devel-
opment of more novel Brønsted acid catalysts in the future,
which is currently under investigation.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (21333009, 21273197, U1162201, 21203215),
the National High-Tech Research and Development program of
China (2013AA065301), the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (2013XZZX001), nancial support provided by
the IMR SYNL-T.S. Ke Research Fellowship, and the China Post-
doctoral Science Foundation (2012M520652). We thank Prof. L. J.
Song and Prof. H. C. Guo for help in IR characterizations.
5003.
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