- Dilithium Amides as a Modular Bis-Anionic Ligand Platform for Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling
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Dilithium amides have been developed as a bespoke and general ligand for iron-catalyzed Kumada-Tamao-Corriu cross-coupling reactions, their design taking inspiration from previous mechanistic and structural studies. They allow for the cross-coupling of alkyl Grignard reagents with sp2-hybridized electrophiles as well as aryl Grignard reagents with sp3-hybridized electrophiles. This represents a rare example of a single iron-catalyzed system effective across diverse coupling reactions without significant modification of the catalytic protocol, as well as remaining operationally simple.
- Neate, Peter G.N.,Zhang, Bufan,Conforti, Jessica,Brennessel, William W.,Neidig, Michael L.
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supporting information
p. 5958 - 5963
(2021/08/18)
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- Mild and Selective Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Functionalized Arenes
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Diboron-mediated rhodium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of functionalized arenes is reported. In addition to good functional group tolerance, the reaction features operational simplicity and controllable chemoselectivity. The general applicability of this procedure is demonstrated by the selective hydrogenation of a range of arenes, including functionalized benzenes, biphenyls, and polyaromatics.
- Wang, Yuhan,Chang, Zhiqian,Hu, Yan,Lin, Xiao,Dou, Xiaowei
-
supporting information
p. 1910 - 1914
(2021/03/08)
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- Aryl or heteroaryl methoxylation reaction method
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The invention discloses an aryl or heteroaryl methoxylation reaction method. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a substrate. The coupling agent, ligand, solvent, catalyst and base are mixed homogeneously in an inert gas to give the aryl or heteroaryl methoxy compounds. Compared with a methoxylation reaction method in the prior art, the method has the advantages that the reaction system conditions are mild, the usage amount of the catalyst and the ligand is low to 5% of the amount of the substrate material, and the catalytic efficiency is improved. The method has better compatibility to different substrate expansion and discovery of aryl halides or heteroaryl halides with different functional groups. The yield of aryl or heteroaryl methoxy compounds prepared by the method disclosed by the invention is 36% - 89%.
- -
-
Paragraph 0127-0133
(2021/11/21)
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- Dealkenylative Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Enabled by Tetrazine and Photoexcitation
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A new and general method to functionalize the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of alkyl and alkene linkages has been developed, leading to the dealkenylative generation of carbon-centered radicals that can be intercepted to undergo Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling. This one-pot protocol leverages the easily procured alkene feedstocks for organic synthesis with excellent functional group compatibility without the need for a photoredox catalyst.
- Cao, Yuhui,Che, Jinteng,Chen, Han,Chen, Si-Cong,Fang, Xianhe,Guo, Yinliang,Guo, Zhixian,Kong, Lingran,Li, Chen,Lu, Jia-Tian,Luo, Tuoping,Zhang, Nan,Zhu, Qi
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p. 14046 - 14052
(2021/09/13)
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- Copper-Catalyzed Methoxylation of Aryl Bromides with 9-BBN-OMe
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A Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between aryl bromides and 9-BBN-OMe to provide aryl methyl ethers under mild conditions is reported. The oxalamide ligand BHMPO plays a key role in the transformation. Various functional groups on bromobenzenes are well tolerated, providing the desired anisole products in moderate to high yields.
- Li, Chen,Song, Zhi-Qiang,Wang, Dong-Hui,Wang, Jing-Ru
-
supporting information
p. 8450 - 8454
(2021/11/17)
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- Halogen-Bridged Methylnaphthyl Palladium Dimers as Versatile Catalyst Precursors in Coupling Reactions
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Halogen-bridged methylnaphthyl (MeNAP) palladium dimers are presented as multipurpose Pd-precursors, ideally suited for catalytic method development and preparative organic synthesis. By simply mixing with phosphine or carbene ligands, they are in situ converted into well-defined monoligated complexes. Their catalytic performance was benchmarked against state-of-the-art systems in challenging Buchwald–Hartwig, Heck, Suzuki and Negishi couplings, and ketone arylations. Their use enabled record-setting activities, beyond those achievable by optimization of the ligand alone. The MeNAP catalysts permit syntheses of tetra-ortho-substituted arenes and bulky anilines in near-quantitative yields at room temperature, allow mono-arylations of small ketones, and enable so far elusive cross-couplings of secondary alkyl boronic acids with aryl chlorides.
- Doppiu, Angelino,Goo?en, Lukas J.,Hu, Zhiyong,Pirkl, Nico,Sivendran, Nardana
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supporting information
p. 25151 - 25160
(2021/10/19)
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- Nickel-Catalyzed Negishi-Type Arylation of Trialkylsulfonium Salts
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Negishi-type arylation of trialkylsulfonium salts with arylzinc reagents has been accomplished under nickel catalysis. The use of cyclohexanethiol as an additional ligand was found to be particularly important to promote C-S cleavage. The present reaction accommodates one-pot arylation of dialkyl sulfides by combining with S -methylation with MeOTf. Mechanistic experiments suggest that C-S cleavage would proceed via single-electron transfer (SET) to generate the most stable carbon-centered radical and that the thiolate ligand would promote the C-S cleavage and radical recombination step.
- Minami, Hiroko,Nogi, Keisuke,Yorimitsu, Hideki
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p. 1542 - 1546
(2021/09/06)
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- A general palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl fluorides and organotitanium (IV) reagents
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Pd(OAc)2/1-[2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)phenyl]-4-methoxy-piperidine was demonstrated to effectively catalyze cross-coupling of aryl fluoride and aryl(alkyl) titanium reagent. Both electron-deficient and electron-rich aryl fluoride can react effectively with nucleophile and provide extensive functional groups tolerance. 2-Arylated product was realized by selective activation of the C–F bond. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- He, Xiao-Yun
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p. 823 - 832
(2021/07/19)
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- Photoinduced Nickel-Catalyzed Deaminative Cross-Electrophile Coupling for C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp3) Bond Formation
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The construction of C-C bonds through cross-coupling between two electrophiles in the absence of excess metallic reducing agents is a desirable objective in chemistry. Here, we show that N-alkylpyridinium salts can be efficiently merged with aryl or alkyl halides in an intermolecular fashion, affording products in up to 92% yield at ambient temperature. These reactions harness the ability of N-alkylpyridinium salts to form electron donor-acceptor complexes with Hantzsch esters, enabling photoinduced single-electron transfer and fragmentation to afford alkyl radicals that are subsequently trapped by a Ni-based catalytic species to promote C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation. The operationally simple protocol is applicable to site-selective cross-coupling and tolerates diverse functional groups, including those that are sensitive toward metal reductants.
- Koh, Ming Joo,Wei, Yi,Yang, Tao
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p. 6519 - 6525
(2021/06/25)
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- Efficient Pd-Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Alkyllithium Reagents
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Organolithium compounds are amongst the most important organometallic reagents and frequently used in difficult metallation reactions. However, their direct use in the formation of C?C bonds is less established. Although remarkable advances in the coupling of aryllithium compounds have been achieved, Csp2?Csp3 coupling reactions are very limited. Herein, we report the first general protocol for the coupling or aryl chlorides with alkyllithium reagents. Palladium catalysts based on ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos) were found to be excellently suited for this transformation giving high selectivities at room temperature with a variety of aryl chlorides without the need for an additional transmetallation reagent. This is demonstrated in gram-scale synthesis including building blocks for materials chemistry and pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, the direct coupling of aryllithiums as well as Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides was also easily accomplished at room temperature.
- Dilchert, Katharina,Gessner, Viktoria H.,Gro?johann, Angela,Rodstein, Ilja,Scherpf, Thorsten,Steinert, Henning,Tappen, Jens
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supporting information
p. 20596 - 20603
(2020/09/09)
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- Regiodivergent DH or HD Addition to Alkenes: Deuterohydrogenation versus Hydrodeuterogenation
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The regioselective and regiodivergent addition of H-D to a variety of 1,1-diarylalkenes was realized utilizing selectively deuterated dihydroaromatic compounds, which were generated by cobalt catalysis. The reaction was initiated by catalytic amounts of B
- Hilt, Gerhard,Li, Luomo
-
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- Hydrogenation of (Hetero)aryl Boronate Esters with a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene–Rhodium Complex: Direct Access to cis-Substituted Borylated Cycloalkanes and Saturated Heterocycles
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We herein report the hydrogenation of substituted aryl- and heteroaryl boronate esters for the selective synthesis of cis-substituted borylated cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles. A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-ligated rhodium complex with two dimethyl groups at the ortho-alkyl scaffold of the carbene showed high reactivity in promoting the hydrogenation, thereby enabling the hydrogenation of (hetero)arenes with retention of the synthetically valuable boronate group. This process constitutes a clean, atom-economic, as well as chemo- and stereoselective route for the generation of cis-configured, diversely substituted borylated cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles that are usually elusive and difficult to prepare.
- Ling, Liang,He, Yuan,Zhang, Xue,Luo, Meiming,Zeng, Xiaoming
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p. 6554 - 6558
(2019/04/17)
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- Ni-catalyzed Reductive Deaminative Arylation at sp3 Carbon Centers
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A Ni-catalyzed reductive deaminative arylation at unactivated sp3 carbon centers is described. This operationally simple and user-friendly protocol exhibits excellent chemoselectivity profile and broad substrate scope, thus complementing existing metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to forge sp3 C-C linkages. These virtues have been assessed in the context of late-stage functionalization, hence providing a strategic advantage to reliably generate structure diversity with amine-containing drugs.
- Martin-Montero, Raul,Yatham, Veera Reddy,Yin, Hongfei,Davies, Jacob,Martin, Ruben
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p. 2947 - 2951
(2019/04/30)
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- Nickel-catalyzed C-N bond activation: Activated primary amines as alkylating reagents in reductive cross-coupling
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Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross coupling of activated primary amines with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions has been achieved for the first time. Due to the avoidance of stoichiometric organometallic reagents and external bases, the scope regarding both coupling partners is broad. Thus, a wide range of substrates, natural products and drugs with diverse functional groups are tolerated. Moreover, experimental mechanistic investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in combination with wavefunction analysis have been performed to understand the catalytic cycle in more detail.
- Yue, Huifeng,Zhu, Chen,Shen, Li,Geng, Qiuyang,Hock, Katharina J.,Yuan, Tingting,Cavallo, Luigi,Rueping, Magnus
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p. 4430 - 4435
(2019/04/29)
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- Iron-catalyzed cross coupling of aryl chlorides with alkyl Grignard reagents: Synthetic scope and FeII/FeIV mechanism supported by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations
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A combination of iron(III) fluoride and 1,3-bis(2,6-diiso-propylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene (SIPr) catalyzes the high-yielding cross coupling of an electron-rich aryl chloride with an alkyl Grignard reagent, which cannot be attained using other iron catalysts. A variety of alkoxy-or amino-substituted aryl chlorides can be cross-coupled with various alkyl Grignard reagents regardless of the presence or absence of β-hydrogens in the alkyl group. A radical probe experiment using 1-(but-3-enyl)-2-chlorobenzene does not afford the corresponding cyclization product, therefore excluding the intermediacy of radical species. Solution-phase X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis, with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicates the formation of a high-spin (S = 2) heteroleptic difluorido organoferrate(II), [MgX][FeIIF2(SIPr)-(Me/alkyl)], in the reaction mixture. DFT calculations also support a feasible reaction pathway, including the formation of a difluorido organoferrate(II) intermediate which undergoes a novel Lewis acid-assisted oxidative addition to form a neutral organoiron(IV) intermediate, which leads to an FeII/FeIV cata-lytic cycle, where the fluorido ligand and the magnesium ion play key roles.
- Agata, Ryosuke,Takaya, Hikaru,Matsuda, Hiroshi,Nakatani, Naoki,Takeuchi, Katsuhiko,Iwamoto, Takahiro,Hatakeyama, Takuji,Nakamura, Masaharu
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p. 381 - 390
(2019/02/25)
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- Cross-Coupling Reactions of Alkyl Halides with Aryl Grignard Reagents Using a Tetrachloroferrate with an Innocent Countercation
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Bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium tetrachloroferrate, (PPN)[FeCl4] (1), was evaluated as a catalyst for cross-coupling reactions. 1 exhibits high stability toward air and moisture and is an effective catalyst for the reaction of secondary alkyl halides with aryl Grignard reagents. The PPN cation is considered as an innocent counterpart to the iron center. We have developed an easy-to-handle iron catalyst for “ligand-free” cross-coupling reactions. (Figure presented.).
- Hashimoto, Toru,Maruyama, Tsubasa,Yamaguchi, Takamichi,Matsubara, Yutaka,Yamaguchi, Yoshitaka
-
supporting information
p. 4232 - 4236
(2019/08/16)
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- Visible-Light-Promoted Iron-Catalyzed C(sp2)–C(sp3) Kumada Cross-Coupling in Flow
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A continuous-flow, visible-light-promoted method has been developed to overcome the limitations of iron-catalyzed Kumada–Corriu cross-coupling reactions. A variety of strongly electron rich aryl chlorides, previously hardly reactive, could be efficiently coupled with aliphatic Grignard reagents at room temperature in high yields and within a few minutes’ residence time, considerably enhancing the applicability of this iron-catalyzed reaction. The robustness of this protocol was demonstrated on a multigram scale, thus providing the potential for future pharmaceutical application.
- Wei, Xiao-Jing,Abdiaj, Irini,Sambiagio, Carlo,Li, Chenfei,Zysman-Colman, Eli,Alcázar, Jesús,No?l, Timothy
-
supporting information
p. 13030 - 13034
(2019/07/18)
-
- Modular radical cross-coupling with sulfones enables access to sp3-rich (fluoro)alkylated scaffolds
-
Cross-coupling chemistry is widely applied to carbon-carbon bond formation in the synthesis of medicines, agrochemicals, and other functional materials. Recently, single-electron-induced variants of this reaction class have proven particularly useful in the formation of C(sp2)-C(sp3) linkages, although certain compound classes have remained a challenge. Here, we report the use of sulfones to activate the alkyl coupling partner in nickel-catalyzed radical cross-coupling with aryl zinc reagents. This method's tolerance of fluoroalkyl substituents proved particularly advantageous for the streamlined preparation of pharmaceutically oriented fluorinated scaffolds that previously required multiple steps, toxic reagents, and nonmodular retrosynthetic blueprints. Five specific sulfone reagents facilitate the rapid assembly of a vast set of compounds, many of which contain challenging fluorination patterns.
- Merchant, Rohan R.,Edwards, Jacob T.,Qin, Tian,Kruszyk, Monika M.,Bi, Cheng,Che, Guanda,Bao, Deng-Hui,Qiao, Wenhua,Sun, Lijie,Collins, Michael R.,Fadeyi, Olugbeminiyi O.,Gallego, Gary M.,Mousseau, James J.,Nuhant, Philippe,Baran, Phil S.
-
-
- Ni-Catalyzed Electrochemical Decarboxylative C-C Couplings in Batch and Continuous Flow
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An electrochemically driven, nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters with aryl halides is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions in a divided electrochemical cell and employs a tertiary amine as the reductant. This decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond-forming transformation exhibits excellent substrate generality and functional group compatibility. An operationally simple continuous-flow version of this transformation using a commercial electrochemical flow reactor represents a robust and scalable synthesis of value added coupling process.
- Li, Hui,Breen, Christopher P.,Seo, Hyowon,Jamison, Timothy F.,Fang, Yuan-Qing,Bio, Matthew M.
-
supporting information
p. 1338 - 1341
(2018/03/09)
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- Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling Reactions of Di(hetero)arylmanganese Reagents and Primary and Secondary Alkyl Halides
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An iron-catalyzed cross-coupling between di(hetero)arylmanganese reagents and primary and secondary alkyl halides is reported. No rearrangement of secondary alkyl halides to unbranched products was observed in these C-C bond-forming reactions.
- Hofmayer, Maximilian S.,Hammann, Jeffrey M.,Cahiez, Gérard,Knochel, Paul
-
-
- Practical synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules enriched in sp3 character
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The expedient synthesis of compounds enriched in sp3 character is key goal in modern drug discovery. Herein, we report how a single pot Suzuki-Miyaura-hydrogenation can be used to furnish lead and fragment-like products in good to excellent yields. The approach has been successfully applied in formats amenable to parallel synthesis, in an asymmetric sense, and in the preparation of molecules with annotated biological activity.
- Campbell, Peter S.,Jamieson, Craig,Simpson, Iain,Watson, Allan J. B.
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supporting information
p. 46 - 49
(2017/12/27)
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- P -Selective (sp2)-C-H functionalization for an acylation/alkylation reaction using organic photoredox catalysis
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p-Selective (sp2)-C-H functionalization of electron rich arenes has been achieved for acylation and alkylation reactions, respectively, with acyl/alkylselenides by organic photoredox catalysis involving an interesting mechanistic pathway.
- Pandey, Ganesh,Tiwari, Sandip Kumar,Singh, Bhawana,Vanka, Kumar,Jain, Shailja
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p. 12337 - 12340
(2017/11/20)
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- Bismuth Perfluoroalkylphosphinates: New Catalysts for Application in Organic Syntheses
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Commercially available BiPh3was treated with perfluoroalkylphosphinic acids [for example, (C2F5)2P(O)OH] to generate novel, highly Lewis acidic bismuth(III) perfluoroalkylphosphinates of the type PhxBi[RF2PO2]3?x(x=0, 1, 2) (RF=-C2F5, -C4F9). The first bismuth(V) perfluoroalkylphosphinate, Ph3Bi[(C2F5)2PO2]2, was synthesized from Ph3BiCl2and Ag[(C2F5)2PO2]. Examples for the successful application of the catalytically active bismuth(III) and bismuth(V) phosphinates in carbon–carbon bond forming reactions, such as Friedel–Crafts acylation and alkylation, Diels–Alder, Strecker and Mannich reaction, are presented.
- Solyntjes, Sven,Neumann, Beate,Stammler, Hans-Georg,Ignat'ev, Nikolai,Hoge, Berthold
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p. 1568 - 1575
(2017/02/10)
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- Highly nucleophilic Vitamin B12-assisted nickel-catalysed reductive coupling of aryl halides and non-activated alkyl tosylates
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Reductive cross-coupling of aryl halides with ubiquitous alkyl tosylates was developed using a combination of nickel and vitamin B12 (VB12: cyanocobalamin) catalysts. The tosylate was activated by reduced VB12 to form alkyl cobalt(iii), which served as a good alkylating agent for aryl-nickel species, leading to C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation.
- Komeyama, Kimihiro,Ohata, Ryo,Kiguchi, Shinnosuke,Osaka, Itaru
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supporting information
p. 6401 - 6404
(2017/07/10)
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- Room Temperature Catalyst System for the Hydroarylation of Olefins
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A simple protocol for the hydroarylation of olefins to yield diarylmethine products is described. A Friedel-Crafts-type synthetic strategy allows direct access to biorelevant products in high atom efficiency. A combination of substoichiometric amounts of TMSCl and ZnBr2 promotes a rapid hydroarylation process at ambient temperature. The method is high yielding and is amenable to scale-up protocols.
- Lee, Siu Yin,Villani-Gale, Alexander,Eichman, Chad C.
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supporting information
p. 5034 - 5037
(2016/10/14)
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- Cobalt-Catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) Cross-Coupling Reactions of Diarylmanganese Reagents with Secondary Alkyl Iodides
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A cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling of diarylmanganese reagents with secondary alkyl iodides using the THF-soluble salt CoCl2·2LiCl, which leads to the cross-coupling products in up to 92% yield, is reported. High diastereoselectivities can be re
- Hofmayer, Maximilian S.,Hammann, Jeffrey M.,Haas, Diana,Knochel, Paul
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p. 6456 - 6459
(2016/12/23)
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- Sterically congested phosphonium borate acids as effective Br?nsted acid catalysts
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Phosphonium borate acids [HPPh2(C6F5)][B(C6F5)4] (2), [HPMes2(C6F5)][B(C6F5)4] (3) and [HPMes(C6F5)2][B(C6F5)4] (4) were synthesized via heterolytic dihydrogen cleavage in the presence of triisopropylsilylium and characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Br?nsted acid catalysis using compounds 2–4 proved to be efficient for a number of challenging reactions (namely ionic hydrogenation, hydroamination and hydroarylation), owing to the restrained nucleophilicity of the sterically hindered conjugate bases. Reactivity of compounds 2–4 suggests that their pKavalues are similar to that of diethyl oxonium acid.
- Sinha, Arup,Jaiswal, Amit K.,Young, Rowan D.
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- Hydride Reduction by a Sodium Hydride-Iodide Composite
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Sodium hydride (NaH) is widely used as a Br?nsted base in chemical synthesis and reacts with various Br?nsted acids, whereas it rarely behaves as a reducing reagent through delivery of the hydride to polar π electrophiles. This study presents a series of reduction reactions of nitriles, amides, and imines as enabled by NaH in the presence of LiI or NaI. This remarkably simple protocol endows NaH with unprecedented and unique hydride-donor chemical reactivity.
- Too, Pei Chui,Chan, Guo Hao,Tnay, Ya Lin,Hirao, Hajime,Chiba, Shunsuke
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supporting information
p. 3719 - 3723
(2016/03/26)
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- Copper-Catalyzed Boron-Selective C(sp2)-C(sp3) Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Arylboronic Acids and Alkyltrifluoroborates Involving a Single-Electron Transmetalation Process
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A rapid and highly selective oxidative cross-coupling reaction between readily available and shelf-stable arylboronic acids and primary or secondary potassium alkyltrifluoroborates was devised and developed, which works under mild conditions using copper(II) acetate as the catalyst and silver oxide as the oxidant. Initial experimental results indicate that a single-electron transmetalation process is involved. This approach effectively bypasses the problems associated with the traditional cross-coupling reactions of alkylboronates and thus provides a complementary method in building C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds.
- Ding, Siyi,Xu, Liang,Li, Pengfei
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p. 1329 - 1333
(2016/02/18)
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- Nitrous oxide-dependent iron-catalyzed coupling reactions of grignard reagents
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The formation of carbon-carbon bonds is one of the fundamental transformations in chemistry. In this regard the application of palladium-based catalysts has been extensively investigated during recent years, but nowadays research focuses on iron catalysis, due to sustainability, costs and toxicity issues; hence numerous examples for iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have been established, based on the coupling of electrophiles (R1-X, X = halide) with nucleophiles (R2-MgX). Only a small number of protocols deals with the iron-catalyzed oxidative coupling of nucleophiles (R1-MgX + R2-MgX) with the aid of oxidants (1,2-dihaloethanes). However, some issues arise with these oxidants; hence more recently the potential of the industrial waste product nitrous oxide (N2O) was investigated, because the unproblematic side product N2 is formed. Based on that, we demonstrate the catalytic potential of easily accessible iron complexes in the oxidative coupling of Grignard reagents. Importantly, nitrous oxide was essential to obtain yields up to 99% at mild conditions (e.g. 1 atm, ambient temperature) and low catalyst loadings (0.1 mol%) Excellent catalyst performance is realized with turnover numbers of up to 1000 and turnover frequencies of up to 12000 h-1. Moreover, a good functional group tolerance is observed (e.g. amide, ester, nitrile, alkene, alkyne). Afterwards the reaction of different Grignard reagents revealed interesting results with respect to the selectivity of cross-coupling product formation.
- D?hlert, Peter,Weidauer, Maik,Enthaler, Stephan
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p. 327 - 330
(2015/11/25)
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- Nickel-catalyzed selective oxidative radical cross-coupling: An effective strategy for inert Csp3-H functionalization
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An effective strategy for inert Csp3-H functionalization through nickel-catalyzed selective radical cross-couplings was demonstrated. Density functional theory calculations were conducted and strongly supported the radical cross-coupling pathway assisted by nickel catalyst, which was further confirmed by radical-trapping experiments. Different arylborates including arylboronic acids, arylboronic acid esters and 2,4,6-triarylboroxin were all good coupling partners, generating the corresponding Csp3-H arylation products in good yields.
- Liu, Dong,Li, Yuxiu,Liu, Chao,Lei, Aiwen,Qi, Xiaotian,Lan, Yu.
-
supporting information
p. 998 - 1001
(2015/03/30)
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- Iron fluoride/N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed cross coupling between deactivated aryl chlorides and alkyl grignard reagents with or without β-hydrogens
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High-yielding cross-coupling reactions of various combinations of aryl chlorides and alkyl Grignard reagents have been developed by using an iron(III) fluoride/1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene (SIPr) catalyst composite. The iron(III) fluoride/SIPr-catalyzed aryl-alkyl coupling demonstrates unprecedented scope for both aryl chlorides and alkyl Grignard reagents, thus enabling the first efficient coupling of electron-rich (deactivated) aryl chlorides with alkyl Grignard reagents without β-hydrogens. The present reaction is also effective for diverse alkyl Grignard reagents such as (trimethylsilyl)methyl, primary, and secondary alkyl Grignard reagents.
- Agata, Ryosuke,Iwamoto, Takahiro,Nakagawa, Naohisa,Isozaki, Katsuhiro,Hatakeyama, Takuji,Takaya, Hikaru,Nakamura, Masaharu
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p. 1733 - 1740
(2015/06/16)
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- Reduction of aromatic compounds with Al powder using noble metal catalysts in water under mild reaction conditions
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In water, Al powder becomes a powerful reducing agent, transforming in cyclohexyl either one or both benzene rings of aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, fluorene and 9,10-dihydroanthracene under mild reaction conditions in the presence of noble metal catalysts, such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, or Ru/C. The reaction is carried out in a sealed tube, without the use of any organic solvent, at low temperature. Partial aromatic ring reduction was observed when using Pd/C, the reaction conditions being 24 h and 60 °C. The complete reduction process of both aromatic rings required 12 h and 80 °C with Al powder in the presence of Pt/C.
- Rayhan, Ummey,Kwon, Hyeokmi,Yamato, Takehiko
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p. 952 - 957
(2014/08/18)
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- Efficient cross-coupling of aryl Grignard reagents with alkyl halides by recyclable ionic iron(iii) complexes bearing a bis(phenol)-functionalized benzimidazolium cation
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A novel bis(phenol)-functionalized benzimidazolium salt, 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazolium chloride (H 3LCl, 1), was designed and used to prepare ionic iron(iii) complexes of the type [H3L][FeX4] (X = Cl, 2; X = Br, 3). Both 2 and 3 were characterized by elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. The catalytic performances of 2 and 3 in cross-coupling reactions using aryl Grignard reagents with primary and secondary alkyl halides bearing β-hydrogens were studied. This analysis shows that complex 2 has good potential for alkyl chloride-mediated coupling. In comparison, complex 3 showed slightly lower catalytic activity. After decanting the product contained in the ethereal layer, complex 2 could be recycled at least eight times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
- Xia, Chong-Liang,Xie, Cun-Fei,Wu, Yu-Feng,Sun, Hong-Mei,Shen, Qi,Zhang, Yong
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p. 8135 - 8144
(2013/12/04)
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- IRON BISPHENOLATE COMPLEXES AND METHODS OF USE AND SYNTHESIS THEREOF
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The present application, relates to iron bisphenolate complexes and methods of use and synthesis thereof. The iron complexes are prepared from tridentate or tetradentate ligands of Formula I: wherein R1 and R2 are as defined herein. Also provided are methods and processes of using the iron bisphenolate complexes as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions and in controlled radical polymerizations.
- -
-
Paragraph 00187-00191
(2013/04/25)
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- An unprecedented iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of primary and secondary alkyl Grignard reagents with non-activated aryl chlorides
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The use of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in the iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkyl Grignards has allowed, for the first time, coupling of non-activated, electron rich aryl chlorides. Surprisingly, the tetrahydrate of FeCl2 was found to be a better pre-catalyst than anhydrous FeCl 2. Primary Grignard reagents coupled in excellent yields while secondary Grignard reagents coupled in modest yields. The use of acyclic secondary Grignard reagents resulted in the formation of isomers in addition to the desired product. These isomeric products were formed via reversible β-hydrogen elimination, indicating that the cross-coupling proceeds through an ionic pathway.
- Perry, Marc C.,Gillett, Amber N.,Law, Tyler C.
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experimental part
p. 4436 - 4439
(2012/09/25)
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- Cross-coupling of non-activated chloroalkanes with aryl grignard reagents in the presence of iron/N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts
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An efficient and high-yielding cross-coupling reaction of various primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides with aryl Grignard reagents was achieved by using catalytic amounts of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and iron salts. This reaction is a simple and efficient arylation method having applicability to a wide range of industrially abundant chloroalkanes, including polychloroalkanes, which are challenging substrates under conventional cross-coupling conditions.
- Ghorai, Sujit K.,Jin, Masayoshi,Hatakeyama, Takuji,Nakamura, Masaharu
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1066 - 1069
(2012/04/10)
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- Iron-catalyzed coupling of aryl grignard reagents with alkyl halides: A competitive hammett study
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Competing for electrophiles: The elusive iron-catalyzed C-C coupling reaction was investigated and analyzed by a Hammett study of the nucleophilic partner. This required finding conditions in which the iron catalyst is stable in the presence of an excess of the Grignard reagent. The selectivity- determining step seems to be the transmetalation, occurring either before or after the oxidative addition step (see scheme).
- Hedstroem, Anna,Bollmann, Ulla,Bravidor, Jenny,Norrby, Per-Ola
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experimental part
p. 11991 - 11993
(2011/12/01)
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- Ruthenium-catalyzed para-selective oxidative cross-coupling of arenes and cycloalkanes
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A novel, direct para-selective oxidative cross-coupling of benzene derivatives with cycloalkanes catalyzed by ruthenium was developed. A wide range of arenes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents was functionalized directly with simple cycloalkanes with high para-selectivity; arenes with electron-donating groups were mainly para-functionalized. Benzoic acid can be used directly.
- Guo, Xiangyu,Li, Chao-Jun
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4977 - 4979
(2011/11/12)
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- Palladium(ii) complexes based on 1,8-naphthyridine functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and their catalytic activity
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Palladium complexes containing 2,7-bis(mesitylimidazolylidenyl) naphthyridine (NHC-NP) have been synthesized and characterized. Reaction of [{Ag3(NHC-NP)2}(PF6)3] with [Pd(PhCN)2Cl2] provided an unusual dipalladium complex bridged by two NHC-NP units, forming a 20-membered dinuclear metallacycle [{Pd2(NHC-NP)2Cl2}(PF6)] (2) in high yield. Treatment of 2 with KI in acetone yielded a neutral species [Pd 2(NHC-NP)I4] (3). Meanwhile, the pyridinyl N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC-Py) precursor, 1-(2-pyridinyl)-3-mesitylimidazolium chloride, reacted with Pd2(dba)3 directly to form the mononuclear palladium complex [Pd(NHC-Py)Cl2] (4). These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses as well as NMR spectroscopy, and the structures of 3 and 4 were further identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The use of these palladium complexes for Suzuki-Miyaura and Kumada-Corriu coupling reactions has been examined. There is no significant difference in catalytic activities between 2 and 4 in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. However, the catalytic activity of 2 in the Kumada-Corriu coupling of ArBr with cyclohexylmagnesium bromide is quite different from that of 4. Thus complex 2 is active for the cross coupling, but complex 4 is active for the reduction of aryl halides.
- Chang, Yung-Hung,Liu, Zu-Yin,Liu, Yi-Hung,Peng, Shei-Ming,Chen, Jwu-Ting,Liu, Shiuh-Tzung
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experimental part
p. 489 - 494
(2011/02/23)
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- Synthesis of iron(III) complex bearing tridentate β-Aminoketonato Ligand: Application to iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of arylmagnesium bromides with alkyl halides
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A tridentate β-aminoketonato iron complex was prepared by the reaction of lithium β-aminoketonato with FeCl3. This iron complex was found to be an efficient catalyst for the crosscoupling reaction between arylmagnesium bromides and alkyl halides.
- Yamaguchi, Yoshitaka,Ando, Hiroaki,Nagaya, Makoto,Hinago, Hideto,Ito, Takashi,Asami, Masatoshi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 983 - 985
(2011/12/05)
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- Catalytic alkylation of aryl Grignard reagents by iron(iii) amine-bis(phenolate) complexes
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Reaction of n-propylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol), H2L1, n-propylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), H2L2, and benzylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4-tert-butyl-6- methylphenol), H2L3, with anhydrous ferric chloride in the presence of base yields the products, [FeL1(μ-Cl)]2 (1), [FeL2(μ-Cl)]2 (2) and [FeL3(μ-Cl)]2 (3). In the solid state, these complexes exist as chloride-bridged dimers giving distorted trigonal bipyramidal iron(iii) ions. Reaction of H2L1 with FeBr 3, however, results in the formation of a tetrahedral iron(iii) complex possessing two bromide ligands. The amine-bis(phenolate) ligand is bidentate in this complex and bonds to the iron(iii) ion via the phenolate O-donors. The central amine donor is protonated, resulting in a quaternized ammonium fragment and the iron(iii) centre possesses a negative formal charge. As a result, this complex is zwitterionic and formulated as FeBr2L1H (4). Complex 1 is an air-stable, non-hygroscopic, single-component catalyst for C-C cross-coupling of aryl Grignard reagents with primary and secondary alkyl halides, including chlorides. Good to excellent yields of cross-coupled products are obtained in diethyl ether at room temperature. In some cases where low yields are obtained under these conditions, the use of microwave-assisted heating of the reaction mixture can improve yields. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011.
- Qian, Xin,Dawe, Louise N.,Kozak, Christopher M.
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experimental part
p. 933 - 943
(2011/04/23)
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- Kumadatamaocorriu coupling of alkyl halides catalyzed by an ironbisphosphine complex
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An iron(II) chloride complex possessing a sterically demanding ortho-phenylene-tethered bisphosphine ligand shows a high catalytic activity in the KumadaTamaoCorriu coupling of nonactivated alkyl halides with aryl Grignard reagents. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides can participate as an electrophilic coupling partner. A radical clock experiment using (iodomethyl)cyclopropane exclusively gives the corresponding ring-opening coupling product, suggesting intermediacy of alkyl radical species.
- Hatakeyama, Takuji,Fujiwara, Yu-Ichi,Okada, Yoshihiro,Itoh, Takuma,Hashimoto, Toru,Kawamura, Shintaro,Ogata, Kazuki,Takaya, Hikaru,Nakamura, Masaharu
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1030 - 1032
(2011/12/05)
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- CATALYST FOR CROSS-COUPLING REACTION, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUND USING THE SAME
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The present invention provides a process for efficiently producing an alkylated aromatic compound in good yield, by a cross-coupling reaction between an alkyl halide and an aromatic magnesium reagent. A process for producing an aromatic compound represented by Formula (1): [in-line-formulae]R—Ar′??(1)[/in-line-formulae]wherein R is a hydrocarbon group, and Ar′ is an aryl group;the process comprising:reacting a compound represented by Formula (2): [in-line-formulae]R—X??(2)[/in-line-formulae]wherein X is a halogen atom, and R is as defined above, with a magnesium reagent represented by Formula (3): [in-line-formulae]Ar′—MgY??(3)[/in-line-formulae]wherein Y is a halogen atom, and Ar′ is as defined above, in the presence of a catalyst for cross-coupling reactions comprising an iron compound and a bisphosphine compound represented by Formula (4): wherein Q is a divalent group derived from an aromatic ring by removing two hydrogen (H) atoms on adjacent carbon atoms; and each Ar is independently an aryl group.
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Page/Page column 17
(2011/07/06)
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- Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of cyclopropylmagnesium bromide with aryl bromides mediated by zinc halide additives
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The key Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl bromides or triflates and cyclopropylmagnesium bromide in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of zinc bromide produces cyclopropyl arenes in good to excellent yields. The cross-coupling of other alkyl, cyc
- Shu, Chutian,Sidhu, Kanwar,Zhang, Li,Wang, Xiao-Jun,Krishnamurthy, Dhileepkumar,Senanayake, Chris H.
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experimental part
p. 6677 - 6680
(2010/12/19)
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- Chlorine borrowing: An efficient method for an easier use of alcohols as alkylation agents
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Chlorine functionalised tin dioxide nanoparticles proved able to partially convert alcohols into the corresponding chlorides, which act as alkylation agents with an increased electrophilicity, as evidenced on ether formation and Friedel-Crafts reactions.
- Makowski, Philippe,Rothe, Regina,Thomas, Arne,Niederberger, Markus,Goettmann, Frederic
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scheme or table
p. 34 - 37
(2010/04/22)
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- Highly efficient gold(III)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with arenes under mild conditions
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A simple and efficient method for functionalization of electron-rich arenes and heteroarenes with unactivated alkenes by Au(III)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroarylation under mild reaction conditions was developed. This method features a short reaction time (5 h) under mild conditions and has a broad substrate scope, including electron-rich arenes and heteroarenes, terminal and internal substituted aryl alkenes, and unactivated aliphatic alkenes.
- Xiao, Ya-Ping,Liu, Xin-Yuan,Che, Chi-Ming
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experimental part
p. 494 - 501
(2009/06/06)
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- Direct cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryl and alkyl halides
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An operationally simple cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and alkyl halides with high selectivity has been developed. The underlying domino process utilizes CoCl2/Me4-DACH as a catalyst system. The methodology exhibits hig
- Czaplik, Waldemar Maximilian,Mayer, Matthias,Jacobi Von Wangelin, Axel
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experimental part
p. 2931 - 2934
(2010/01/21)
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