- Synthesis of Chiral Polycyclic Tetrahydrocarbazoles by Enantioselective Aminocatalytic Double Activation of 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes with Dienals
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An efficient aminocatalytic enantioselective double-activation strategy has been developed that combines several different aminocatalytic modes in a cascade process, such as iminium ion, vinylogous iminium ion, trienamine, and dienamine activations. By using this strategy, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes worked well with various dienals via [4 + 2] cycloaddition and the oxa-Michael reaction-initiated cascade, respectively, leading to chiral polycyclic tetrahydrocarbazole and chromane derivatives with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
- Ming, Yong-Chao,Lv, Xue-Jiao,Liu, Ming,Liu, Yan-Kai
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supporting information
p. 6515 - 6519
(2021/09/02)
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- Enantioselective and Diastereodivergent Synthesis of Spiroindolenines via Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Cycloaddition
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A diastereodivergent and enantioselective synthesis of chiral spirocyclohexyl-indolenines with four contiguous stereogenic centers is achieved by a chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed cycloaddition of 2-susbtituted 3-indolylmethanols with 1,3-dienecarbamates. Modular access to two different diastereoisomers with high enantioselectivities was obtained by careful choice of reaction conditions. Their functional group manipulation provides an efficient access to enantioenriched spirocyclohexyl-indolines and -oxindoles. The origins of this stereocontrol have been identified using DFT calculations, which reveal an unexpected mechanism compared to our previous work dealing with enecarbamates.
- Varlet, Thomas,Mati?i?, Mateja,Van Elslande, Elsa,Neuville, Luc,Gandon, Vincent,Masson, Géraldine
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supporting information
p. 11611 - 11619
(2021/08/16)
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- Recyclable and reusablen-Bu4NBF4/PEG-400/H2O system for electrochemical C-3 formylation of indoles with Me3N as a carbonyl source
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A safe, practical and eco-friendly electrochemical methodology for the synthesis of 3-formylated indoles has been developed by the utilization of Me3N as a novel formylating reagent. Stoichiometric oxidants, metal catalysts, and activating agents were avoided in this method, and an aqueous biphasic system ofn-Bu4NBF4/PEG-400/H2O was used as a recyclable and reusable reaction medium, which made this electrosynthesis approach more sustainable and environmentally friendly. This process expanded the substrate scope and functional group tolerance for bothN-EDG andN-EWG indoles. Furthermore, late-stage functionalization and total/formal synthesis of drugs and natural products were realized by means of this route.
- Cheng, Didi,Li, Jingyi,Li, Yujin,Ling, Fei,Liu, Lei,Liu, Tao,Zhong, Weihui
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supporting information
p. 4107 - 4113
(2021/06/17)
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- Screening metal-free photocatalysts from isomorphic covalent organic frameworks for the C-3 functionalization of indoles
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The visible-light-driven organic transformation using two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs) as metal-free heterogeneous photocatalysts is a green and sustainable approach, and it has gained a surge of interest by virtue of the photosensitizer's high crystallinity, abundant porosity, outstanding stability, excellent light-harvesting ability and tunable structure. However, the guiding principle for designing, constructing and selecting COF-based photocatalysts has not been put forward so far. Herein, we contribute a fascinating strategy to guide the acquisition of excellent framework photocatalysts, which is to screen them from a series of isomorphic COFs. As a proof of concept, three new isomorphic pyrene-based 2D-COFs (COF-JLU23, COF-JLU24 and COF-JLU25) with variable linkers were successfully synthesized. In addition to having similar crystallinity and porosity with the same pore size and shape, their absorption, emission, bandgap, energy level, transient photocurrent response and photocatalytic activity could be easily adjustedviaconfiguring different linkers in frameworks. Indeed, COF-JLU24 with electron donor-acceptor characteristics exhibited the best photocatalytic activity among the three isomorphic COFs for C-3 functionalization reactions of indoles, even better than that of the metal-free photocatalyst g-C3N4. More importantly, the screened COF-JLU24 as a metal-free photocatalyst still displayed extensive substrate adaptability and excellent recyclability. We anticipate that this strategy will become a robust rule of thumb for fast access to COF-based photocatalysts. In addition, we still highlight that the present study broadens the applied frontier of COF-based photocatalysts.
- Chen, Xiong,Feng, Xiao,Han, Songjie,Li, Chunzhi,Li, He,Li, Ziping,Liu, Xiaoming,Shao, Pengpeng,Xia, Hong
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supporting information
p. 8706 - 8715
(2020/05/16)
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- Access to Polycyclic Sulfonyl Indolines via Fe(II)-Catalyzed or UV-Driven Formal [2 + 2 + 1] Cyclization Reactions of N-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)propiolamides with NaHSO3
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A variety of structurally novel polycyclic sulfonyl indolines have been synthesized via FeCl2-catalyzed or UV-driven intramolecular formal [2 + 2 + 1] dearomatizing cyclization reactions of N-(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)propiolamides with NaHSO3 in an aqueous medium. The reactions involve the formation of one C-C bond and two C-S bonds in a single step.
- Lu, Lin,Luo, Chenguang,Peng, Hui,Jiang, Huanfeng,Lei, Ming,Yin, Biaolin
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supporting information
p. 2602 - 2605
(2019/04/30)
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- Phenylpiperazine type UBE2F small molecule inhibitor and synthesis method thereof
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The invention discloses a phenylpiperazine type UBE2F small molecule inhibitor and a synthesis method thereof, discloses a phenylpiperazine type compound represented by the general formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and further discloses a synthesis route of the general formula I and a synthesis method of each step. As a small molecule inhibitor target at UBE2F, that phenylpiperazine type compound of the present invention effectively suppresses the growth of tumor cell by preventing the G2/M process of cell cycle and inducing apoptosis of human tumor cells. Therefore, thecompound is a new class of specific anti-tumor drugs by targeting UBE2F.
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Paragraph 0143-0146
(2019/09/14)
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- Synthesis of 3-Formylindoles via Electrochemical Decarboxylation of Glyoxylic Acid with an Amine as a Dual Function Organocatalyst
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A new method for 3-formalytion of indoles has been developed through electrochemical decarboxylation of glyoxylic acid with the amine as a dual function organocatalyst. The amine facilitated both the electrochemical decarboxylation and the nucleophilic reaction efficiently, whose loading can be as low as 1 mol %. This protocol has a broad range of functional group tolerance under ambient conditions. The gram-scale experiment has shown great potential in the synthetic application of this strategy.
- Lin, Dian-Zhao,Huang, Jing-Mei
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supporting information
p. 5862 - 5866
(2019/08/26)
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- Method for performing formylation reaction of indole compound by photocatalysis of carbazolyl-conjugated micro-porous polymers (CMPs)
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The invention discloses a method for performing formylation reaction of an indole compound by photocatalysis of carbazolyl-conjugated micro-porous polymers (CMPs). The method is characterized in thatin an oxygen-containing atmosphere and water/organic mixed solvent system, the indole compound and a methylamine compound are subjected to formylation reaction under the catalytic action of iodized salt and CMPs and illumination conditions so as to obtain a 3-formaldehyde indole compound. The method has mild reaction conditions, can be implemented under room temperature and illumination conditionsand can be used for obtaining the target product in high selectivity and high yield, the reaction belongs to heterogeneous catalysis reaction, the catalyst can be recovered and recycled, and industrial production is facilitated.
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Paragraph 0035-0040
(2018/07/30)
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- Visible Light-Driven C-3 Functionalization of Indoles over Conjugated Microporous Polymers
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Metal-free and heterogeneous organic photocatalysts provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional metal-based catalysts. This paper reports a series of carbazole-based conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with tunable redox potentials and explores their photocatalytic performance with regard to C-3 formylation and thiocyanation of indoles. Conjugated polymers were synthesized through FeCl3 mediated Friedel-Crafts reactions, and their redox potentials were well regulated by simply altering the nature of the core (i.e., 1,4-dibenzyl, 1,3,5-tribenzyl, or 1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-triyl). The resulting CMPs exhibited high surface areas, visible light absorptions, and tunable semiconductor-range band gaps. With the highest oxidative capability, CMP-CSU6 derived from 1,3,5-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene showed the highest efficiency for C-3 formylation and thiocyanation of indoles at room temperature. Notably, the as-made catalysts can be easily recovered with good retention of photocatalytic activity and reused at least five times, suggesting good recyclability. These results are significant for constructing high-performance porous polymer catalysts with tunable photoredox potentials targeting an efficient material design for catalysis.
- Zhang, Weijie,Tang, Juntao,Yu, Wenguang,Huang, Qiao,Fu, Yu,Kuang, Guichao,Pan, Chunyue,Yu, Guipeng
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p. 8084 - 8091
(2018/07/30)
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- Exploiting the Distal Reactivity of Indolyl Methylenemalononitriles: An Asymmetric Organocatalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition with Enals Enables the Assembly of Elusive Dihydrocarbazoles
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An unprecedented technique for the in situ generation of indolyl ortho-quinodimethanes from 2-methylindole-based methylenemalononitriles by amine-mediated remote C(sp3)?H deprotonation was developed. These intermediates were efficiently trapped by diverse enals to provide a rapid entry to 2,9-dihydro-1H-carbazole-3-carboxyaldehyde structures through a formal asymmetric [4+2] eliminative cycloaddition governed by a α,α-diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether catalyst.
- Rassu, Gloria,Curti, Claudio,Zambrano, Vincenzo,Pinna, Luigi,Brindani, Nicoletta,Pelosi, Giorgio,Zanardi, Franca
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supporting information
p. 12637 - 12640
(2016/08/30)
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- Aerobic transition-metal-free visible-light photoredox indole C-3 formylation reaction
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An aerobic visible-light-promoted indole C-3 formylation reaction catalyzed by Rose Bengal has been developed. This transition-metal-free process employs molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant and uses TMEDA as the one-carbon source through C-N bond cleavage. The reaction is compatible with a variety of functional groups.
- Li, Xiang,Gu, Xiangyong,Li, Yongjuan,Li, Pixu
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p. 1897 - 1900
(2014/06/24)
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- Elaboration of thorough simplified vinca alkaloids as antimitotic agents based on pharmacophore similarity
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Thorough simplification of vinca alkaloids based on pharmacophore similarity has been conducted. A concise process for the syntheses of target compounds was successfully developed with yields from poor to excellent (19-98%). Cell growth inhibitory activities of these synthesized compounds were evaluated in five cancer cell lines including MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, HepG2/ADM and K562. Almost all compounds exhibited moderate antitumor activity with optimal IC50 value of 0.89 ± 0.07 μM in MCF-7 cells. Investigation of structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicates that electron-withdraw substituents on the ring contribute to the enhancement of the antitumor activities. The simplified vinca alkaloids are confirmed as antimitotic agents, which inhibit the polymerization of tubulin just like vinblastine.
- Zheng, Jing,Deng, Lijuan,Chen, Minfeng,Xiao, Xuzhi,Xiao, Shengwei,Guo, Cuiping,Xiao, Gaokeng,Bai, Liangliang,Ye, Wencai,Zhang, Dongmei,Chen, Heru
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p. 158 - 167
(2013/10/01)
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- The copper-catalyzed C-3-formylation of indole C-H bonds using tertiary amines and molecular oxygen
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A copper-catalyzed formylation reaction has been developed by employing oxygen (O2) as the clean oxidant. The C-H bonds of indoles were C-3-formylated by tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and water (H2O; in situ formed and external added water) as the carbonyl source in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance. Thus, it represents a facile procedure leading to 3-formylindoles. Copyright
- Chen, Jianbin,Liu, Bin,Liu, Dongfang,Liu, Shan,Cheng, Jiang
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supporting information
p. 2438 - 2442
(2012/11/07)
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- Copper-catalyzed aerobic methyl/methylene oxygenation and C-H formylation with a DABCO-DMSO system for the synthesis of carbonyl indoles and pyrroles
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Copper-catalyzed aerobic methyl/methylene oxygenation of substituted indoles and pyrroles was developed using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as an additive in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Similar aerobic catalytic conditions could also be utilized for direct C-H formylation of C(3) on indoles and C(2) on pyrroles.
- Wang, Yi-Feng,Zhang, Feng-Lian,Chiba, Shunsuke
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experimental part
p. 1526 - 1534
(2012/06/18)
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- A facile synthesis of 1-phenylsulfonyl-3-substituted-2-cyanoindoles, 1-phenylsulfonyl-2-methyl-3-cyanoindoles, and bifunctional 1- phenylsulfonylindoles
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A facile 'one-pot' introduction of the cyano group into the 2/3-position of indole has been developed from the corresponding aldehydes using anhydrous aluminum chloride and sodium azide. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Jaisankar, Pichamuthu,Srinivasan
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p. 2413 - 2417
(2008/03/13)
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- FAB I INHIBITORS
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Compounds of the formula (I) are disclosed which are Fab I inhibitors and are useful in the treatment of bacterial infections.
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- Indole naphthyridinones as inhibitors of bacterial enoyl-ACP reductases FabI and FabK
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Bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) is responsible for catalyzing the final step of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis and is an attractive target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Previously we reported the development of FabI inhibitor 4 with narrow spectrum antimicrobial activity and in vivo efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus via intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Through iterative medicinal chemistry aided by X-ray crystal structure analysis, a new series of inhibitors has been developed with greatly increased potency against FabI-containing organisms. Several of these new inhibitors have potent antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant strains of S. aureus, and compound 30 demonstrates exceptional oral (po) in vivo efficacy in a S. aureus infection model in rats. While optimizing FabI inhibitory activity, compounds 29 and 30 were identified as having low micromolar FabK inhibitory activity, thereby increasing the antimicrobial spectrum of these compounds to include the FabK-containing pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The results described herein support the hypothesis that bacterial enoyl-ACP reductases are valid targets for antibacterial agents.
- Seefeld, Mark A.,Miller, William H.,Newlander, Kenneth A.,Burgess, Walter J.,DeWolf Jr., Walter E.,Elkins, Patricia A.,Head, Martha S.,Jakas, Dalia R.,Janson, Cheryl A.,Keller, Paul M.,Manley, Peter J.,Moore, Terrance D.,Payne, David J.,Pearson, Stewart,Polizzi, Brian J.,Qiu, Xiayang,Rittenhouse, Stephen F.,Uzinskas, Irene N.,Wallis, Nicola G.,Huffman, William F.
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p. 1627 - 1635
(2007/10/03)
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- Selective lithiation of 2,3-dibromo-1-methylindole. A synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles
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Indole (1) can be converted to 2,3-dibromo-1-methylindole (3) in two operations (92% yield). Treatment of 3 with tert-butyllithium effects clean monolithiation to 3-bromo-2-lithio-1-methylindole (4), which can be trapped with various electrophiles to afford the 3-bromo-2-substituted indoles (5-8) in 85-99% yield. A second bromine-lithium exchange reaction and quenching with electrophiles yields the 2,3-disubstituted indoles (9-10) in 88-95% yield.
- Liu, Yanbing,Gribble, Gordon W
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p. 7135 - 7137
(2007/10/03)
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- Sensitized photooxygenations of 3-vinylindole derivatives
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A series of 1-methyl- and 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-substituted 3-vinylindoles with different electronic and steric features has been synthesized and their sensitized photooxygenation in aprotic solvents investigated. 1-Methyl-3- vinyl-(1a), 1,2-dimethyl-3-vinyl- (1b), 1-methyl-3-(β-methoxyvinyl)- (4-Z and 4-E), 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-vinyl- (8a), 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-(α- methylvinyl) (8b), 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-(β-methoxyvinyl)- (8c and 8d), and cis-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-(α-methyl-β-methoxyvinyl) indoles (15-Z) react with 1O2 predominantly to give endoperoxides via [4 + 2] cycloadditon. However, 1,2-dimethyl-3-(β-methoxyvinyl)indole (1c) gives [2 + 2] cycloaddition with the 3-double bond to give 1,2-dimethyl-3-formylindole (3c); trans-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-(α-methyl-β-methoxyvinyl)indole (15-E) gives the 3-indolyl allylic hydroperoxide (17) via ene reaction, along with a small amount of isomerization of the 3-vinyl double bond. A zwitterionic intermediate in the isomerization is proposed. Most of the resulting dioxacarbazole endoperoxides are isolable and inert to reduction by trimethyl phosphite and thiourea except for N-methyldioxacarbazole 5, which undergoes clean rearrangement to indolin-2-one epoxide 7 at -20 °C.
- Zhang,Khan,Foote
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p. 7839 - 7847
(2007/10/02)
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- Vilsmeier Formylation and Glyoxylation Reactions of Nucleophilic Aromatic Compounds Using Pyrophosphoryl Chloride
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Reactions of N,N-dimethylformamide and N-methylformanilide with pyrophosphoryl chloride lead to the formation of reagents that undergo reactions with a wide range of nucleophilic aromatic substrates, including indoles, pyrroles, thiophenes, furans, and methoxy-substituted carbocyclic arenes to afford, after hydrolysis of the initial products, good to excellent yields of the expected aldehydes; reactions with methyl oxamates allow the preparation of methyl arylglyoxylates. Key words: pyrophosphoryl chloride, N,N-dimethylformamide, methoxyarene, heterocyle, formylation
- Downie, Ian M.,Earle, Martyn J.,Heaney, Harry,Shuhaibar, Khamis F.
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p. 4015 - 4034
(2007/10/02)
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- Lithiation of Heterocycles Directed by α-Amino Alkoxides
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The addition of heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes to certain lithium dialkylamides gave α-amino alkoxides that were ring-lithiated with butyllithium.Alkylation and hydrolysis provided ring-substituted heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes via a one-pot reaction.The metalation of α-amino alkoxides derived from thiophenecarboxaldehydes, furaldehydes, N-methylpyrrolecarboxaldehydes, and indolecarboxaldehydes was examined.The regioselectivity of the lithiation, was dependent on the heterocycle, the amine component of the α-amino alkoxide, and the metalation conditions.A novel N-methyl metalation of α-amino alkoxides derived from N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and N-methylindole-2-carboxaldehyde was achieved when N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamine was used as the amine component for in situ formation of the α-amino alkoxides.The novel directed N-methyl lithiations are attributed to an intramolecular TMEDA-like assisted metalation.
- Comins, Daniel L.,Killpack, Michael O.
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p. 104 - 109
(2007/10/02)
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- 3-(substituted phenyl)phthalides
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Process comprises the combination of the three steps of condensing 3-N(R)2 -4-X-benzoic acid with an aromatic or heterocyclic aldehyde, Y-CHO, under acidic conditions to produce 3-Y-5-X-6-N(R)2 phthalide (II), condensing said phthalide with a compound of the formula Z-H under alkaline or acid conditions to produce 2-(α-Y-α-Z)methyl-4-X-5-N(R)2 benzoic acid (III), and oxidizing said benzoic acid to produce 3-Y-3-Z-5-X-6-N(R)2 phthalide (I) where: R is hydrogen, non-tertiary alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, benzyl or substituted benzyl; X is hydrogen or halo; Y is 4-R1 -3-R2 -2-R1 -phenyl, 1-R5 -2-R6 -5/6-R4 -3-indolyl, 9-R7 -3-carbazolyl, 9-julolidinyl, 3,4-dioxymethylenephenyl, 2-thienyl, 1-R8 -2-pyrrolyl, or 4-pyridinyl; and Z is 4-R1 -3-R2 -2-R1 -phenyl, 1-R5 -2-R6 -5/6-R4 -3-indolyl or 1-R8 -2-pyrrolyl which are useful as colorless precursor color formers in carbonless duplicating and in thermal marking systems. The intermediates, 3-Y-5-X-6-N(R)2 phthalides (II) and 2-(α-Y-α-Z)methyl-4-X-5-N(R)2 benzoic acids (III) also have utility as colorless precursor color formers in carbonless duplicating and thermal marking systems.
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- Novel compounds, processes and marking systems
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Mono and bis substituted (arylsulfonyl)alkanes useful as color formers, particularly in carbonless duplicating and thermal marking systems, are prepared by the interaction of the appropriate aldehyde or dialdehyde with the appropriate aryl or heterocyclic moiety and the appropriate phenylsulfinic acid in the presence of a catalyst.
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