cas 291775-59-2, (3S)-N-Boc-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid

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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Neogliptin, a Novel 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-Based Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
Compounds that contain (R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoic acid substituted with bicyclic amino moiety (2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) were designed using molecular modelling methods, synthesised, and found to be potent DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors. Compound 12a (IC50 = 16.8 ± 2.2 nM), named neogliptin, is a more potent DPP-4 inhibitor than vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Neogliptin interacts with key DPP-4 residues in the active site and has pharmacophore parameters similar to vildagliptin and sitagliptin. It was found to have a low cardiotoxic effect compared to sitagliptin, and it is superior to vildagliptin in terms of ADME properties. Moreover, compound 12a is stable in aqueous solutions due to its low intramolecular cyclisation potential. These findings suggest that compound 12a has unique properties and can act as a template for further type 2 diabetes mellitus drug development.
Dahlén, Amelia D.,Gureev, Maxim A.,Kirichenko, Olga G.,Maslov, Ivan O.,Porozov, Yuri B.,Schi?th, Helgi B.,Shorshnev, Sergey V.,Trukhan, Mikhail V.,Trukhan, Vladimir M.,Tuaeva, Natalya O.,Zinevich, Tatiana V.
(2022/03/02)

ALKYNE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof wherein R12 or R13 on the A group is alkyne substituent (R32) are provided. The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein can reduce the excessive activation of complement.
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(2017/03/14)

COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduce the excessive activation of complement.
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(2017/03/14)

AMIDE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof wherein R12 or R13 on the A group is an amide substituent (R32) are provided. The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein are capable of reducing the excessive activation of complement.
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(2017/03/14)

ETHER COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof wherein R12 or R13 on the A group is an ether substituent (R32) are provided. The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduce the excessive activation of complement.
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(2017/03/14)

ARYL, HETEROARYL, AND HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof wherein R12 or R13 on the A group is an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle (R32) are provided. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduce the excessive activation of complement.
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(2017/03/14)

AMINO COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof wherein R12 or R13 on the A group is an amino substituent (R32) are provided. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduce the excessive activation of complement.
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Paragraph 0576; 0581; 0582

(2017/03/14)

PHOSPHONATE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS
Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D comprising Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof wherein R12 or R13 on the A group is a phosphonate substituent (R32) are provided. The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduces the excessive activation of complement.
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(2017/03/14)

Preparation method of high-purity Ledipasvir intermediate
The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-purity Ledipasvir intermediate (1R, 3S and 4S)-N-t-butylcarbonyl-2-azabicyalo[2.2.1] heptane-3-carboxylic acid. According to the method, (1R, 3S and 4S)-N-t-butylcarbonyl-2-azabicyalo[2.2.1] heptane-3-carboxylate serves as an initial raw material, and the Ledipasvir intermediate is obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis. A test proves that the high-purity Ledipasvir intermediate is obtained and a feasible path is provided for reducing production cost and improving drug use safety. Meanwhile, the method has the advantages that operation is easy, environment friendliness is achieved, the yield is high, selectivity is high and cost is low; large-scale production can be achieved, and industrial application and popularization are facilitated.
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(2017/02/24)

NOVEL SUBSTITUTED SPIROCYCLES
This invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein A and Cy have one of the meanings as indicated in the specification and their use as inhibitors of Cathepsin C, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and methods of using the same as agen
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(2016/04/09)

Novel l-prolyl-l-leucylglycinamide (PLG) tripeptidomimetics based on a 2-azanorbornane scaffold as positive allosteric modulators of the D2R
An efficient and straightforward orthogonal methodology was successfully developed to achieve constrained l-prolyl-l-leucylglycinamide (PLG) analogues starting from two proline mimetics based on a 2-azanorbornane scaffold. A preliminary dopamine D2 receptor radiolabeled binding assay with [3H]-N-propylnorapomorphine shows that enantiopurity of PLG peptidomimetics based on 2-azanorbornane is a requirement to achieve statistically significant positive modulators of the D2 receptor. This is the first documented active peptidomimetic of PLG whose bioactivity is not correlated with the C-terminal carboxamide pharmacophore and which cannot adopt the hypothesized type II β-turn conformation.
Sampaio-Dias, Ivo E.,Sousa, Carlos A. D.,García-Mera, Xerardo,Ferreira Da Costa, Joana,Caama?o, Olga,Rodríguez-Borges, José E.
p. 11065 - 11069
(2016/12/09)

SUBSTITUTED OXETANES AND THEIR USE AS INHIBITORS OF CATHEPSIN C
This invention relates to a compound of formula I and their use as inhibitors of Cathepsin C, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same as agents for treatment and/or prevention of diseases connected with dipeptidyl peptidase I activity, e.g. respiratory diseases.
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(2016/03/04)

Method for reducing content of diastereoisomer impurity in Ledipasvir intermediate
The invention discloses a method for reducing content of a diastereoisomer impurity (Ia) in a Ledipasvir intermediate (1R,3S,4S)-N-t-butyloxycarboryl-2-azabicyalo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid (I). The method comprises the steps of firstly taking a crude product of a compound shown as a formula (I) and containing the diastereoisomer impurity (Ia), dissolving in an organic solvent, adding alkaline organic amine to react with the crude product, separating out a solid, and filtering to obtain an amine salt of the compound shown as the formula (I); acidizing the obtained amine salt in an aqueous phase solution; extracting an obtained aqueous phase, separating out a solid, and separating to obtain the high-purity Ledipasvir intermediate (I). The product obtained by the method has a de value up to more than 99.5 percent, and the yield of more than 80 percent; reaction conditions in the method are mild, raw materials are easy to get, and the method is suitable for industrial application.
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Paragraph 0049; 0050; 0051; 0052; 0053

(2016/10/10)

Preparation method of ledipasvir intermediate (1R,3R,4R)-2-Boc-2-azabicyalo [2,2,1] pentane-3-carboxylic acid
The invention discloses a preparation method of a ledipasvir intermediate (1R,3R,4R)-2-Boc-2-azabicyalo [2,2,1] pentane-3-carboxylic acid. Benzylamine and glyoxylic ester are adopted as raw materials, under the effect of a chiral catalyst, the raw materials react with cyclopentadiene to generate (1S,3S,4R)-2-benzyl-2-azabicyalo [2,2,2] penta-5-alkene-3-carboxylic ethyl ester in a high-selective mode, the (1S,3S,4R)-2-benzyl-2-azabicyalo [2,2,2] penta-5-alkene-3-carboxylic ethyl ester is subjected to debenzylation and Boc protection and then hydrolyzed to obtain ledipasvir intermediate (1R,3R,4R)-2-Boc-2-azabicyalo [2,2,1] pentane-3-carboxylic acid. The method is good in selectivity, easy to implement and environmentally friendly.
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Paragraph 0036

(2017/05/02)

Intermediate reddy handkerchief Wei method of preparation
The invention relates to a method for preparing (1R,3S,4S)-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-2-azabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid (formula V), wherein the formula V is defined in the instruction. The method comprises: dissolving glyoxylate in a solvent, coo
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Paragraph 0034-0039

(2020/02/08)

FUSED TRICYCLIC SILYL COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
no abstract published
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(2015/12/08)

Extending the substrate scope of bicyclic p-oxazoline/thiazole ligands for ir-catalyzed hydrogenation of unfunctionalized olefins by introducing a biaryl phosphoroamidite group
This study identifies a series of Ir-bicyclic phosphoroamidite-oxazoline/thiazole catalytic systems that can hydrogenate a wide range of minimally functionalized olefins (including E- and Z-tri- and disubstituted substrates, vinylsilanes, enol phosphinates, tri- and disubstituted alkenylboronic esters, and ?±,?2-unsaturated enones) in high enantioselectivities (ee values up to 99%) and conversions. The design of the new phosphoroamidite-oxazoline/thiazole ligands derives from a previous successful generation of bicyclic N-phosphane-oxazoline/thiazole ligands, by replacing the N-phosphane group with a p-acceptor biaryl phosphoroamidite moiety. A small but structurally important family of Ir-phosphoroamidite-oxazoline/thiazole precatalysts has thus been synthesized by changing the nature of the Ndonor group (either oxazoline or thiazole) and the configuration at the biaryl phosphoroamidite moiety. The substitution of the N-phosphane by a phosphoroamidite group in the bicyclic N-phosphane-oxazoline/thiazole ligands extended the range of olefins that can be successfully hydrogenated.
Biosca, Maria,Paptchikhine, Alexander,P??mies, Oscar,Andersson, Pher G.,Di??guez, Montserrat
p. 3455 - 3464
(2015/03/04)

SUBSTITUTED 2-AZA-BICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID (BENZYL-CYANO-METHYL)-AMIDES INHIBITORS OF CATHEPSIN C
This invention relates to 2-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid (benzyl-cyano-methyl)- amides of formula (1) and their use as inhibitors of Cathepsin C, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same as agents for treatment and/or prevention of diseases connected with dipeptidyl peptidase I activity, e.g. respiratory diseases.
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(2014/09/29)

SUBSTITUTED 2-AZA-BICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID (CYANO-METHYL)-AMIDES INHIBITORS OF CATHEPSIN C
This invention relates to 2-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid (cyano-methyl)-amides of formula (1) and their use as inhibitors of Cathepsin C, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same as agents for treatment and/or prevention of diseases connected with dipeptidyl peptidase I activity, e.g. respiratory diseases.
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(2014/09/29)

SUBSTITUTED 2-AZA-BICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID (BENZYL-CYANO-METHYL)-AMIDES INHIBITORS OF CATHEPSIN C
This invention relates to 2-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid(benzyl-cyano-methyl)-amides of formula 1 and their use as inhibitors of Cathepsin C, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same as agents for treatment and/or prevention of diseases connected with dipeptidyl peptidase I activity, e.g. respiratory diseases.
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(2014/09/29)

BRIDGED RING COMPOUNDS AS HEPATITIS C VIRUS INHIBITORS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF
Provided herein is a compound of formula (I) or a stereoisomer, a geometric isomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a hydrate, a solvate, a metabolite, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof, which can be used for treating HCV infection or a HCV disorder. Also provided herein are a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and the use of the compound and the pharmaceutical composition thereof, which can also be used for treating HCV infection or a HCV disorder.
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(2014/09/16)

Discovery of ledipasvir (GS-5885): A potent, once-daily oral NS5A inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection
A new class of highly potent NS5A inhibitors with an unsymmetric benzimidazole-difluorofluorene-imidazole core and distal [2.2.1]azabicyclic ring system was discovered. Optimization of antiviral potency and pharmacokinetics led to the identification of 39 (ledipasvir, GS-5885). Compound 39 (GT1a replicon EC50 = 31 pM) has an extended plasma half-life of 37-45 h in healthy volunteers and produces a rapid >3 log viral load reduction in monotherapy at oral doses of 3 mg or greater with once-daily dosing in genotype 1a HCV-infected patients. 39 has been shown to be safe and efficacious, with SVR12 rates up to 100% when used in combination with direct-acting antivirals having complementary mechanisms.
Link, John O.,Taylor, James G.,Xu, Lianhong,Mitchell, Michael,Guo, Hongyan,Liu, Hongtao,Kato, Darryl,Kirschberg, Thorsten,Sun, Jianyu,Squires, Neil,Parrish, Jay,Keller, Terry,Yang, Zheng-Yu,Yang, Chris,Matles, Mike,Wang, Yujin,Wang, Kelly,Cheng, Guofeng,Tian, Yang,Mogalian, Erik,Mondou, Elsa,Cornpropst, Melanie,Perry, Jason,Desai, Manoj C.
supporting information
p. 2033 - 2046
(2014/04/03)

POLYCYCLIC-CARBAMOYLPYRIDONE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL USE
Compounds for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are disclosed. The compounds have the following Formula (I): including stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1, X, W, Y1, Y2, Ζ1 and Z4 are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, are also disclosed.
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Page/Page column 118; 120

(2014/07/08)

SILYL-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
The present invention relates to novel Silyl-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, B, C, D, E, F and L are as defined herein. The present invention also relates to compositions comprising at least one Silyl-Containing Heterocyclic Compound, and methods of using the Silyl-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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(2013/03/28)

SILYL-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
The present invention relates to novel Silyl-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds of Formula (I): (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, B, C, D and R2 are as defined herein. The present invention also relates to compositions comprising at least one Silyl-Containing Heterocyclic Compound, and methods of using the Silyl-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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(2013/03/28)

HEPATITIS C VIRUS INHIBITORS
The invention provides compounds of formulas (I) or (II): wherein the variables are defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, that are inhibitors of replication of the hepatitis C virus. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds to treat hepatitis C viral infections, and processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds.
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(2013/11/06)

TETRACYCLIC HETEROCYCLE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATING HEPATITIS C VIRAL INFECTION
Tetracyclic heterocycle compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are provided, wherein A, A', G, R1, R15, U, V, V', W, W, X, X', Y and Y' are as defined in the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of the compounds for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are also provided.
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(2012/04/17)

TETRACYCLIC INDOLE DERIVATIVES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
The present invention relates to novel Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, A', G, R1, R15, U, V, V', X, X', Y and Y' are as defined herein. The present invention also relates to compositions comprisingat least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative, and methods of using the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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(2012/04/17)

FUSED TETRACYCLE DERIVATIVES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
The present invention relates to novel Fused Tetracycle Derivatives of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, A', B, G, R1, U, V, W, W', X, X', Y and Y' are as defined herein. The present invention also relates to compositions comprising at least one Fused Tetracycle Derivative, and methods of using the Fused Tetracycle Derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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(2012/05/04)

FUSED TETRACYCLIC HETEROCYCLE COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
The present invention discloses novel Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycle Compounds of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, A', G, R1, R15, U, V, V', W, W', X, X', Y and Y' are as defined herein. The present invention also discloses compositions comprising at least one Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycle Compound, and methods of using the Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycle Compounds for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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(2012/04/17)

TETRACYCLIC INDOLE DERIVATIVES FOR TREATING HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
Tetracyclic indole derivatives of formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts and the pharmaceutical compositions thereof are provided, wherein A, A', G, R1, R15, U, V, V, W, W, X, X', Y, Y' are as defined in the invention. Use of these derivatives for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is also provided.
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(2012/04/17)

HEPATITIS C INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS
Compounds of Formula (I): wherein R1, R2, RA, RB, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are defined herein. The compounds are useful as inhibitors of the function of NS5A protein encoded by HCV for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infection.
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(2011/08/21)

2-CYANOPYRROLIDINECARBOXAMIDE COMPOUND
A compound of the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: [wherein X1 and X2 each is independently lower alkylene; X3 is =CH2, =CHF or =CF2; R1 is substituent, R2 and R3 each is independently H or lower alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.] having the activity inhibiting DPP-IV activity. They are therefore useful in the treatment of conditions mediated by DPP-IV, such as NIDDM.
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Page/Page column 112

(2008/06/13)

Fused cyclic modulators of nuclear hormone receptor function
Fused cyclic compounds, methods of using such compounds in the treatment of nuclear hormone receptor-associated conditions such as cancer and immune disorders, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.
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(2008/06/13)

Thiazole benzamide derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting cell proliferation, and methods for their use
Aminothiazole compounds with mono-/di-substituted benzamide are represented by the Formula (I), and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, pharmaceutically active metabolites, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said metabolites are described. These agents modulate and/or inhibit the cell proliferation and activity of protein kinases and are useful as pharmaceuticals for treating malignancies and other disorders.
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Page 47

(2010/02/03)

Fused cyclic modulators of nuclear hormone receptor function
Fused cyclic compounds, methods of using such compounds in the treatment of nuclear hormone receptor-associated conditions such as cancer and immune disorders, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.
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(2008/06/13)

Compounds, compositions, and methods for stimulating neuronal growth and elongation
The present invention concerns methods, pharmaceutical compounds, and compositions for stimulating neuroite outgrowth in nerve cells leading to nerve regeneration. These methods, compounds and compositions inhibit rotamase enzyme activity associated with binding proteins.
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(2008/06/13)

Allylic alcohols via catalytic asymmetric epoxide rearrangement
Epoxides using chiral lithium amides, but other than for a small subset of meso-epoxides, insufficient reactivity and enantioselectivity hamper the existing methods. Furthermore, the chiral reagents are often required in large excess. This study presents a general and highly enantioselective process that, in addition, is based on catalytic amounts (5 mol %) of enantiopure (1S,3R,4R)-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)methyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and lithium diisopropylamide as the stoichiometric base. The influence of structural modification of the catalyst is studied in terms of activity, enantioselectivity, and aggregation behavior. The utility of the process is demonstrated by its application to a variety of epoxide derivatives (≥94% ee for 11 out of 14 examples), including the formal syntheses of, e.g., a prostaglandin core unit, epibatidine, carbovir, faranal, and lasiol. The system is readily extended to the resolution of racemic epoxides, which allows access to highly enantioenriched epoxides or allylic alcohols, even at conversions near 50%.
Soedergren, Mikael J.,Bertilsson, Sophie K.,Andersson, Pher G.
p. 6610 - 6618
(2007/10/03)

New prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors: In vitro and in vivo activities of azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, and perhydroindole derivatives
A series of potent and selective prolylendopeptidase (PEP) inhibitors of the α-keto heterocyclic type has been obtained by replacing the classical central proline of 1-[1-(4-phenylbutanoyl)-L-prolyl]pyrrolidine (SUAM 1221, 3) by non-natural amino acids PHI, ABO, and ABH. These 4-phenylbutanoyl side- chain-containing inhibitors exhibited potent in vitro inhibitory potencies with IC50 around 30 nM (compounds 24 and 25). Modulation of the side chain by replacement of the terminal phenyl ring by the dicyclopropyl moiety afforded derivatives 30 and 32 with improved potencies (IC50 between 10 and 20 nM). Furthermore, replacing the linear 4-phenylbutanoyl side chain by the (2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbonyl entity provided potent inhibitors with IC50 culminating at 0.9 nM on a rat cortex enzymatic preparation (compound 70). The configuration of the cyclopropyl ring had to be R,R in order to obtain not only a strong PEP inhibition in vitro but also a good activity in vivo, exemplified by inhibitor 68, which gave ID50 ip and po of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Finally, demonstration of the cognition-enhancing properties of compound 54 was given in the passive avoidance test using scopolamine- induced amnesia in the rat, where it dose dependently inhibited the scopolamine-induced decrease in avoidance response.
Portevin, Bernard,Benoist, Alain,Rémond, Georges,Hervé, Yolande,Vincent, Michel,Lepagnol, Jean,De Nanteuil, Guillaume
p. 2379 - 2391
(2007/10/03)