9011-18-1 Usage
Description
Dextran sulfate sodium salt, also known as dextran hydrogen sulfate sodium salt, is a polyanionic derivative of dextran produced by esterification with chlorosulfonic acid. It is a white to off-white powder that is freely soluble in water and salt solutions, forming a stable, clear solution. The sulfur content is approximately 17%, which corresponds to an average of 1.9 sulfate groups per glucosyl residue of the dextran molecule. Its high purity and reproducible quality make it suitable for applications in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry:
Dextran sulfate sodium salt is used as a nucleic acid hybridization accelerant for its polyanionic character, which helps to approximate nucleic acid strands, increasing their effective concentration to each other and promoting hybridization. It is also used for its sequestering interaction with proteins, presumably through hydrogen-bonding between the sulfate groups and amine groups of the protein that generates an insoluble complex.
Used in Biomedical/Clinical Research:
Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is used to study colitis (inflammatory bowel disease) and as an antiviral agent. Oral administration of dextran sulfate induces colonic inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Acute, chronic, and relapsing models of IBD can be induced by varying the concentration and administration frequency of dextran sulfate.
Used in Enzyme/Inhibitor Systems:
Dextran sulfate has been found to interact with individual enzyme/inhibitor systems in the coagulation cascade, with the lowest molecular weight products displaying the highest anticoagulant properties.
Used in Plasmaphoresis:
Dextran sulfate immobilized on cellulose has been found to remove LDL cholesterol preferentially during plasmaphoresis.
Used in Immunological Research:
Dextran sulfate sodium shows immunologically relevant activities, such as enhancement and suppression of humoral immunity, polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes, stimulating even immature B cells, changes in thymocyte reactivity to lectins, and enhancement/suppression of cell-mediated immune responses.
Used in Clinical Reagent:
Dextran sulfate is used as a clinical reagent for HDL cholesterol determination.
Used in Edema Reduction:
Clinical studies indicate a possible capacity of dextran sulfate to reduce edema, and it is cited as a binder and skin conditioner.
Used in Polyacrylamide-Gel Electrophoresis and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis:
Dextran sulfate sodium salt Leuconostoc spp has been used as a standard to perform polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for carbohydrates (C-PAGE) and agarose gel electrophoresis for RNA sequential probing of targets (SPOTs) imaging.
Used in Injection Buffer:
Dextran sulfate sodium salt is used as a component of 1% injection buffer.
Toxicity
The toxicity of these products had been recognized at an early stage. Nevertheless, a low molecule weight fraction with Mw 7000 and S, 16% was considered to be qualitatively similar to heparin. Preliminary clinical trials were unfortunately discouraging and revealed severe adverse reactions, notably, stiff and painful joints, skin eruption, loss of hair and gastro-intestinal symptoms. In chronic toxicity studies in animals, retardation in weight gain and osteoporosis with spontaneous fractures were observed. It should be noted that the doses in the clinical trials corresponded to 1.3 g/day, which is approximately tenfold that used in current heparin therapy.
More recently attention has been focussed on the toxicity of orally administered substance. Supplements of 0.25% and 0.5% for 82 weeks in rats did not increase the incidence of infection or tumours. Higher doses (1–10%) resulted in mortality and tumours. Apart from dosage, the toxicity is also dependent on Mw. Adsorption studies in the gut using a wide range of dextran sulfates (3000–200000) suggest only a small proportion of the dose is absorbed. Intravenous administration has also been investigated. The inhibition of metastasis by dextran sulfate (Mw 6–7 x 10 3 , DS approx. 2) has been tested clinically but the 5 year survival rate in lung cancer was not improved. Tests for mutagenicity and cytogenicity of low MW dextran sulfate proved negative.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Dextran is a mixture of glucose polymers of varying size and geometry.Dextran in the form of dextran sulphate sodium acts as an anticoagulant. Dextran interferes with blood clot formation by acting on blood coagulation factors and the function of platelets. It prolongs the time required for formation of the clot and decreases the maximum clot strength. The disturbance of homeostasis by dextran may cause increased bleeding, colitis and kidney failure.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 9011-18-1 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 9,0,1 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 9011-18:
(6*9)+(5*0)+(4*1)+(3*1)+(2*1)+(1*8)=71
71 % 10 = 1
So 9011-18-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
