9007-43-6 Usage
Description
Cytochrome c, also known as Cytc, is a 104 amino acid nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein that forms part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It is a spherical peripheral membrane protein with a molecular weight of 12,000 Da and contains an iron-containing heme group. Cytochrome c plays a crucial role in the transfer of electrons through reversible changes in the iron atom between the reduced Fe(II) and oxidized Fe(III) states.
Uses
Used in Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT):
Cytochrome c is used as a functional complex in LLLT, which increases metabolic activity and provides more energy for cells to repair tissue.
Used in Apoptotic Pathways:
Cytochrome c is used as an important mediator in apoptotic pathways. The release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm stimulates apoptosis and serves as an indicator of the apoptotic process in cells.
Used in Cytochrome Oxidase Staining:
Cytochrome c from bovine heart is used for cytochrome oxidase staining using mice brain tissue.
Used in Evaluating Tandem Mass Spectra:
Cytochrome c is used as a component of a control mixture to evaluate the accuracy of tandem mass spectra in identifying peptides.
Used in Studying Biochar Colloids:
Cytochrome c is used to study its effect on the stability, transport, and retention of biochar colloids (BCs) in saturated porous media under various solution pH and ionic strength (IS) conditions.
Used in Mitochondrial Electron-Transfer Chain:
Cytochrome c is involved in the mitochondrial electron-transfer chain, accepting an electron from cytochrome c1 and transferring it to cytochrome c oxidase. This electron is subsequently used in the reduction of oxygen, where four electrons are needed for the conversion of one molecule of O2 to two molecules of water.
Biochem/physiol Actions
The ready interconversion of cytochrome c between ferrous and ferric states makes it an efficient biological electron carrier. It plays a vital role in cellular oxidations in both plants and animals. Generally regarded as a universal link in the respiratory chain, it forms the essential electron-bridge between the respirable substrates and oxygen.
Purification Methods
Cytochrome c1 is purified by chromatography on CM-cellulose (CM-52 Whatman) [Brautigan et al. Methods Enzymol 53D 131 1978]. It has a high PI (isoelectric point) and has been purified further by adsorption onto an acidic cation exchanger, e.g. Amberlite IRC-50 (polycarboxylic) or in ground form Amberlite XE-40 (100-200 mesh) or Decalso-F (aluminium silicate), where the non-cytochrome protein is not adsorbed and is readily removed. The cytochrome is eluted using a solution containing 0.25g ions/L of a univalent cation at pH 4.7 adsorbed onto the NHsalt of Amberlite IRC-50 at pH 7, washed with H2O and then with 0.12M NH4OAc to remove non-cytochrome protein. When the cytochrome begins to appear in the eluate, then the NH4OAc concentration is increased to 0.25 M. The fractions with ca Fe = 0.465—0.467 are collected, dialysed against H2O and adsorbed onto a small IRC-50 column and eluted with 0.5M NH3, then dialysed and lyophilised. (A second fraction II can be eluted from the first resin with 0.5M NH3 but is discarded). [Keilin & Hartree Biochemical Preparations 1 1 1952, Margoliash Biochemical Preparations 8 33 1957.] Cytochrome c has been recrystallised as follows: The above eluate (ca 100mL) is dialysed against H2O (10 vols) at 4o for 24hours (no more), then passed through an XE-40 column (2 x 1 cm above) which is equilibrated with 0.1M NH4OAc pH 7.0. The column is washed with 0.1% (NH4)2SO4 pH 8.0, and the dark red resin in the upper part of the column is collected and in 0.1% (NH4)2SO4 pH 8.0 is transferred to another column (7mm diameter) and the cytochrome c is eluted with 5% (NH4)2SO4 pH 8.0. More than 98% of the red colour is collected in a volume of ca 4mL in a weighed centrifuge tube. Add a drop of octanol and 0.43g of (NH4)2SO4/g of solution. When the salt has dissolved, ascorbic acid (5mg) is added as well as a few drops of 30% NH3, and it is kept at 10o for 10minutes (turns lighter colour due to reduction). Then add finely powdered (NH4)2SO4 in small portions (stir with a glass rod) until the solution becomes turbid. Stopper the tube tightly, and set aside at 15-25o for 2days while the cytochrome c separates as fine needles or rosettes. Further (NH4)2SO4 (20mg) are added per mL of suspension and kept in the cold for a few days to complete the crystallisation. The crystals are collected by centrifugation (5000xg), suspended in saturated (NH4)2SO4 (pH 8.0 at 10o), then centrifuged again. For recrystallisation the crystals are dissolved in the least volume of H2O, one drop of ammonia and 1 mg of ascorbic acid are added and the above process is repeated. The yield of twice recrystallised cytochrome c from 2Kg of muscle is ca 200 mg, but this varies with the source and freshness of the muscle used. The crystals are stored as a solid after dialysis against 0.08M NaCl or 0.1M sodium buffer and lyophilising, or as a suspension in saturated (NH4)2SO4 at 0o. [Hagihara et al. Biochemical Preparations 6 1 1958.] Purity of cytochrome c: This is checked by the ratio of the absorbance at 500nm (reduced form) to 280nm (oxidised form), i.e. should be between 1.1 and 1.28, although values of up to 1.4 have been obtained for pure preparations. For the preparation of the reduced form see Margoliash Biochemical Preparations 5 33 1957 and Yonetani Biochemical Preparations 11 19 1966. Cytochrome from Rhodospirillum rubrum ( 551 0.967) is purified by chromatography on a column of 270/ CM-Whatman cellulose [Paleus & Tuppy Acta Chem Scand 13 641 1959].
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 9007-43-6 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 9,0,0 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 3 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 9007-43:
(6*9)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*7)+(2*4)+(1*3)=86
86 % 10 = 6
So 9007-43-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C42H54N8O6S2.Fe/c1-19-25(9-11-37(51)52)33-16-34-26(10-12-38(53)54)20(2)30(48-34)14-35-40(24(6)58-18-28(44)42(56)46-8)22(4)32(50-35)15-36-39(21(3)31(49-36)13-29(19)47-33)23(5)57-17-27(43)41(55)45-7;/h13-16,23-24,27-28H,9-12,17-18,43-44H2,1-8H3,(H6,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56);/q;+2/p-2/b29-13-,30-14-,31-13-,32-15-,33-16-,34-16-,35-14-,36-15-;
