9004-10-8 Usage
Description
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that consists of two peptide chains bonded by two disulfide bonds. The two chains are designated A and B. The A chain consists of 21 amino acids with a third internal disulfide bond, and the B chain contains the remaining 30 amino acids. All vertebrates produce insulin and the structure is similar in these species. For example, the insulin produced in humans and porcine species differs by only one amino acid, and humans and bovine insulin differ by three amino acids. Insulin plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including the regulation of sugar in the body, fatty acid synthesis, formation of triglycerides, and amino acid synthesis. Insulin also promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, maintaining glucose at a stable level in the bloodstream. Insulin is most closely associated with diabetes, which results in excess blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and the inability of cells to absorb glucose, depriving them of energy.
Uses
Used in Medical Applications:
Insulin is used as a hormone for the regulation of sugar in the body, fatty acid synthesis, formation of triglycerides, and amino acid synthesis. It helps maintain glucose at a stable level in the bloodstream and is essential for the management of diabetes.
Used in Diabetes Management:
Insulin is used as a therapeutic agent for diabetes, which must be managed by monitoring blood sugar levels throughout the day and adjusting the diet and activities to keep blood glucose in an acceptable range. Insulin is usually administered through injections, but it can be delivered using other methods such as insulin pumps, which are small electronic devices that deliver insulin according to a programmed schedule throughout the day. In recent years, oral sprays have been developed to augment but not replace injected insulin, and dermal patches are being explored as another delivery method. However, insulin cannot be delivered using conventional pills because stomach acidity denatures insulin.
Used in Preventing Hypoglycemia:
Insulin is used to prevent hypoglycemia, a condition where blood sugar is too low. Hypoglycemia in diabetics can occur from too much insulin, lack of food, exercise, or lack of carbohydrates. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include increased heart rate, nervousness, perspiration, and shakiness. When this condition is recognized, diabetics consume carbohydrates such as candy, fruit, or fruit juice to boost blood sugar levels. In extreme cases, a person can have a severe reaction and experience seizures or fall into a coma, a condition referred to as insulin shock.
Originator
Humulin,Lilly,US,1982
History
Insulin derives its name from the Latin word insula for island. Insulin is produced in the
pancreas by β-cells in the islets of Langerhans (α-cells in the pancreas produce glucagon). Paul
Langerhans (1847–1888) discovered the islets of Langerhans, which were subsequently shown
to secrete insulin. Insulin binds to insulin receptors on cells and produces biochemical changes
that allow the cells to take in glucose.Diabetes has been prevalent in humans throughout history, but relief from the disease was
not available until the 20th century.The termdiabetes comes from the Greek words diabainein,
meaning to pass through or siphon.In the late 1800s,it was known that diabetes was related to the pancreas,but it was not known exactly how. In 1901, Eugene Opie
(1873–1971) determined that diabetes was related to the islets of Langerhans. During the
early 20th century, knowledge was advanced on ductless glands and endocrine secretions that
fed directly into the bloodstream.Diseases were treated with extracts obtained from glands.
Manufacturing Process
40 pounds of frozen beef pancreas glands were hashed and extracted by
stirring with 45,500 cc of 85% alcohol containing 925 cc of phosphoric acid.
The acidity of the extraction mixture was pH 3.0 and the alcohol concentration
approximately 65% after equilibrium was attained. The pancreatic meat solids
removed were then reextracted by stirring in 45,000 cc of 65% alcohol. The
pH of the combined filtrates was raised to pH 8.0 by addition of ammonium
hydroxide to precipitate inert proteins and phsophoric acid salts. The solids
were removed by filtration and sulfuric acid was then added to the filtrate to
bring the pH to 3.5. The acidified extracts were then concentrated under
reduced pressure to an alcohol concentration of 20%. Lipoidal material was
removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to
the aqueous phase. Lipoidal material was then removed by filtration and the
insulin containing filtrate biologically assayed for insulin activity. The biological
assay showed the insulin recovered to be equivalent to 1425 I.U. for each
pound of pancreas glands processed.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Insulin preparations have been used for the adjunctive treatment
of diabetic ketoacidosis,
uncomplicated diabetes mellitus, and as
adjunctive therapy in treating hyperkalemia. Insulin treatment in
veterinary species has been primarily in dogs and cats. Experience
using insulin in other veterinary species is limited.
Regular insulin is commonly used for stabilization of the diabetic
patient and is the only formulation appropriate for intravenous
administration (IV); it is also administered by intramuscular
(IM) and subcutaneous (SC) injection. Only regular insulin should
be used in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or diabetic coma.
Regular insulin is preferred in patients with poor tissue perfusion,
shock, or cardiovascular collapse, or in patients requiring insulin
for the treatment of severe, life-threatening hyperkalemia causing
cardiotoxicity (i.e., >8 mEq/L).
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 9004-10-8 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 9,0,0 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 9004-10:
(6*9)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*4)+(2*1)+(1*0)=68
68 % 10 = 8
So 9004-10-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
