87805-34-3

Basic information

• Product Name: GLP-1
• Synonyms: HIS-ASP-GLU-PHE-GLU-ARG-HIS-ALA-GLU-GLY- THR-PHE-THR-SER-ASP-VAL-SER-SER-TYR-LEU-GLU-GLY-GLN-ALA-ALA-LYS-GLU-PHE-ILE-ALA-TRP-LEU-VAL-LYS-GLY-ARGY-GLY;GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE I HUMAN;GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1, HUMAN;GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE I;GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 (1-37) (HUMAN);GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 (1-37) (HUMAN, BOVINE, GUINEA PIG, MOUSE, RAT);GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 (1-37) (HUMAN, BOVINE, GUINEA PIG, MOUSE, RAT) TRIFLUOROACETATE SALT;GLP-1
• CAS NO: 87805-34-3
• Molecular Formula: C186H275N51O59
• Molecular Weight: 4169.48
• EINECS: 201-258-5
• Product Categories: Glucagon receptor and related;hormones
• Mol File: 87805-34-3.mol
• Article Data: 0

Chemical Properties

• Appearance: White lyophilized powder
• Storage Temp.: −20°C
• CAS DataBase Reference: GLP-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: GLP-1(87805-34-3)
• EPA Substance Registry System: GLP-1(87805-34-3)

Safety Data

• WGK Germany: 3
• Hazardous Substances Data: 87805-34-3(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

GLP-1, or Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, is an incretin hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating glucose homeostasis. It stimulates pancreatic β cells to secrete insulin and has additional actions such as suppression of glucagon secretion, inhibition of gastric motility, and promotion of satiety.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
GLP-1 is used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It helps to lower blood glucose levels by enhancing insulin secretion, reducing glucagon production, slowing gastric emptying, and increasing feelings of fullness.
Used in Research Applications:
GLP-1 is used as an antigen in excess amounts for the incubation of primary antibodies, post-immunocytochemistry with positive results of paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissues of Rana temporaria. This application aids in the study and understanding of the role of GLP-1 in pancreatic function and its potential implications in various physiological processes.

History

GLP-1 was first identified in the early 1980s, following the cloning of the proglucagon gene. The biological activity of GLP-1 was investigated initially by using the N-terminal extended forms of GLP-1(1–37 and 1–36 amide). However, these forms were devoid of biological activity. In the late 1980s, bioactive GLP-1 peptides were purified from gut extracts and were identified to be GLP1(7–37) and GLP-1(7–36)-amide. In the current literature, the unqualified designation of GLP-1 corresponds to the truncated peptides.

Biosynthesis

Glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2 are processed from proglucagon in pancreatic α cells and intestinal L cells in a tissue-specific manner. Prohormone convertases (PCs) are responsible for the tissue-specific processing. Glucagon is liberated from pancreatic α cells by PC2, whereas GLP-1 and GLP-2 are liberated from the intestinal L cells by PC1/3. As a result, GLP-1 and GLP-2 are coreleased in a 1:1 ratio following nutrient ingestion. The secretion of GLP-1 is stimulated by nutrients such as lipids and carbohydrates. In addition, several hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), GIP, and somatostatin as well as numerous neuromediators regulate GLP-1 secretion.2 Insulin has been reported to inhibit GLP-1 release, indicating a feedback regulation of GLP-1 secretion.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Glucagon-Like Peptide I (GLP1) controls the metabolism of glucose, by inducing the secretion of insulin and suppressing that of glucagon. Studies in Indonesian population show that reduced levels of this protein are linked with increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plasma levels of this hormone also show significant association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels.

Clinical Use

GLP-1 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin release. GLP-1 agonists are resistant to degradation by DPP-4; thus these agonists are used clinically for the treatment of diabetes. DPP-4 inhibitors are also acceptable for use in diabetes patients because GLP-1 is rapidly deactivated by DPP-4.

Receptors

Structure and subtypeThe receptor of GLP-1 (GLP1R) is a seventransmembrane GPCR that belongs to a subclass of the family B. The GLP-1 receptor was first identified by ligand binding experiments and measurements of cyclic AMP accumulation using the rat insulinoma cell line.3 The human GLP-1 receptor gene, GLP1R, is located on chromosome 6 (6p21). The GLP-1 receptor contains a large hydrophilic extracellular domain and seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains. In addition, the GLP-1 receptor has three potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and glycosylation may modulate the receptor function.Signal transduction pathwayThe GLP-1 receptor is functionally coupled to Gs. 3 Through the activation of AC, cAMP is formed and activates PKA.Ligand stimulation of the receptor alsoincreases the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+; this is brought through the Na+ -dependent uptake of extracellular Ca2+ and through the release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores. The increased cytosolic Ca2+ in conjunction with the activated PKA stimulates the translocation and exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules.AgonistsExendin-4 (subsequently renamed exenatide, the first FDA approved “incretin mimetic”), Liraglutide (a longacting DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonist), CJC1131 (a GLP-1 analog engineered for covalent coupling to albumin), Albiglutide (originally referred to as albugon, a recombinant human albumin-GLP-1 protein), ZP10 (an exendin-4 derivative), BIM51077 (subsequently renamed taspoglutide), LY315902 (a DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analog), LY2428757 (a pegylated GLP-1), LY2199265 (Dulaglutide, an Fc immunoglobulin fusion protein), Semaglutide (a synthetic peptide similar to GLP-1), Lixisenatide (a synthetic peptide similar to exandin-4), and Tirzepatide (LY3298176, a dual agonist of GIP and GLP-1 receptors). AntagonistsExendin (9–39), T-0632.

Mode of action

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from gut enteroendocrine cells controls meal-related glycemic excursions through augmentation of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion. GLP-1 also inhibits gastric emptying and food intake, actions maximizing nutrient absorption while limiting weight gain.

Structure and conformation

GLP-1 is a 31-aa peptide hormone and is secreted from intestinal endocrine L cells in two major molecular forms, GLP-1(7–37) and GLP-1(7–36)-amide. Amidation is not always important for its biological activity, and these two molecular forms have similar biological activities. The majority of circulating GLP-1 is found to be GLP-1(7–36) amide, with lesser amounts of GLP-1 (7–37). GLP-1 shares a highly conserved alanine at position 9 with GIP and GLP-2, making these peptides ideal substrates for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4).The primary structure of GLP-1 is highly conserved in most mammals, except for the platypus (11 substitutions). In the platypus and squirrel, GLP-1 has one substitution of the C-terminal glutamate.

InChI:InChI=1/C186H275N51O59/c1-17-94(10)149(182(294)209-98(14)155(267)220-128(73-105-78-199-111-42-28-27-41-109(105)111)171(283)223-123(68-91(4)5)173(285)234-147(92(6)7)180(292)219-113(43-29-31-63-187)158(270)200-81-136(245)210-112(45-33-65-197-185(191)192)157(269)203-84-146(262)263)236-174(286)126(70-102-37-23-19-24-38-102)225-165(277)120(55-61-142(254)255)216-162(274)114(44-30-32-64-188)212-153(265)96(12)206-152(264)95(11)207-161(273)118(51-57-135(190)244)211-137(246)82-201-160(272)117(53-59-140(250)251)215-168(280)122(67-90(2)3)222-170(282)125(72-104-47-49-108(243)50-48-104)226-177(289)132(85-238)230-179(291)134(87-240)231-181(293)148(93(8)9)235-176(288)131(77-145(260)261)228-178(290)133(86-239)232-184(296)151(100(16)242)237-175(287)127(71-103-39-25-20-26-40-103)229-183(295)150(99(15)241)233-138(247)83-202-159(271)116(52-58-139(248)249)213-154(266)97(13)208-167(279)129(75-107-80-196-89-205-107)227-163(275)115(46-34-66-198-186(193)194)214-164(276)119(54-60-141(252)253)217-169(281)124(69-101-35-21-18-22-36-101)22