8000-48-4 Usage
Description
Eucalyptus oil, also known as cineole-based oil, is a distilled oil extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus, a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae native to Australia and cultivated worldwide. It has a long history of wide application, including pharmaceutical, antiseptic, repellent, flavoring, fragrance, and industrial uses.
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Eucalyptus oil is used as a component in pharmaceutical preparations for relieving the symptoms of influenza and colds, in products like cough sweets, lozenges, ointments, and inhalants. It has antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria in the respiratory tract and acts as a decongestant and treatment for bronchitis. Cineole, a major component of eucalyptus oil, controls airway mucus hypersecretion and asthma via anti-inflammatory cytokine inhibition. Eucalyptus oil also stimulates the immune system response by affecting the phagocytic ability of human monocyte-derived macrophages and possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities as a topically applied liniment ingredient.
Used in Personal Hygiene Industry:
Eucalyptus oil is used in personal hygiene products for its antimicrobial properties in dental care and soaps. It can also be applied to wounds to prevent infection.
Used in Agriculture:
Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as an insect repellent and bio pesticide. In the U.S., eucalyptus oil was first registered in 1948 as an insecticide and miticide.
Used in Food Industry:
Eucalyptus oil is used in flavoring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery, meat products, and beverages. It has antimicrobial activity against a broad range of foodborne human pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. Non-cineole peppermint gum, strawberry gum, and lemon ironbark are also used as flavoring.
Used in Fragrance Industry:
Eucalyptus oil is used as a fragrance component to impart a fresh and clean aroma in soaps, detergents, lotions, and perfumes.
Used in Industrial Research:
Research shows that cineole-based eucalyptus oil (5% of mixture) prevents the separation problem with ethanol and petrol fuel blends. Eucalyptus oil also has a respectable octane rating and can be used as a fuel in its own right. However, production costs are currently too high for the oil to be economically viable as a fuel. Phellandreneand piperitone-based eucalyptus oils have been used in mining to separate sulfide minerals via flotation.
Used in Timber, Pulp, Fuel, and Charcoal Industry:
Eucalyptus wood is used for timber, pulp, fuel, and charcoal. The oil is also used as a fragrance component in soaps, creams, lotions, and as a flavoring agent in pharmaceuticals, toothpastes, and mouthwashes.
Used in Traditional Medicine:
Eucalyptus oil is described as having antiseptic, disinfectant, antifungal, and blood-circulation activating properties. It is also used as a fragrance. Native to Australia, it was regarded as a general cure-all by the Aborigines and later by the European settlers. It has a long tradition of use in medicine and is considered one of the most powerful and versatile herbal remedies. It is said that eucalyptus oil's antiseptic properties and disinfectant action increase as the oil ages. The most important constituent of the oil is eucalyptol, and the essential oil is obtained from eucalyptus leaves. However, eucalyptus oil may cause allergic reactions.
History
Australian Aboriginals use eucalyptus leaf infusions ( which contain eucalyptus oil ) as a traditional medicine for treating body pains, sinus congestion, fever, and colds. Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, Victorian botanist, promoted the qualities of Eucalyptus as a disinfectant in "fever districts", and also encouraged Joseph Bosisto, a Melbourne pharmacist, to investigate the commercial potential of the oil . Bosisto started the commercial eucalyptus oil industry in 1852 near Dandenong, Victoria, Australia, when he set up a distillation plant and extracted the essential oil from the cineole chemo type of Eucalyptus radiata. This resulted in the cineole chemo type becoming the generic 'oil of eucalyptus', and "Bosisto's Eucalyptus Oil" still survives as a brand. The Australian eucalyptus oil industry peaked in the 1940s, the main area of production being the central goldfields region of Victoria, particularly Inglewood; then the global establishment of eucalyptus plantations for timber resulted in increased volumes of eucalyptus oil as a plantation by-product. By the 1950s the cost of producing eucalyptus oil in Australia had increased so much that it could not compete against cheaper Spanish and Portuguese oils (closer to European Market there fore less costs). Non-Australian sources now dominate commercial eucalyptus oil supply, although Australia continues to produce high grade oils, mainly from blue mallee (E. polybractea) stands.
Production Methods
Eucalyptus oils in the trade are categorized into three broad types according to their composition and main end-use: medicinal, perfumery and industrial . The most prevalent is the standard cineolebased "oil of eucalyptus", a colourless mobile liquid (yellow with age) with a penetrating, camphoraceous, woody-sweet scent. China produces about 75 % of the world trade, but most of this is derived from camphor oil fractions rather than being true eucalyptus oil . .
Preparation
By steam distillation of the leaves of E. globulus Labill. and other species of Eucalyptus L'Heritier (Gildemeister & Hoffman, 1961 ; Guenther, 1950).
Essential oil composition
Some of the chemicals isolated and detected on the basis of UV, mass, and NMR spectroscopic analyses
from the stem bark are pinoresinol, vomifoliol, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol 1-O-beta-D-(6?-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside, methyl gallate,
rhamnazin, rhamnetin, eriodictyol, quercetin, taxifolin, engelitin, and catechin.* An unusual heteroxylan composed of galactosyl,
4-O-methyl-glucuronosyl and xylosyl residues with molar ratio 1:3:30 was isolated from the wood of E. globulus Labill.? The flower
(bud) oil contains terpenic hydrocarbons (α-thujene 11.95%, limonene 3.1%, aromadendrene 16.57%) and oxygenated compounds
(1,8-cineole 36.95%) (CoE, 2000).
Essential oil composition
The leaves essential oil mainly contains terpenic hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenic compounds
(1–8-cineole 62.4 to 82.2%). In addition to cineol (eucalyptol), it also contains terpineol, sesquiterpene alcohols, various aliphatic
aldehydes, isoamyl alcohol, ehtanol and terpenes.
Safety
If consumed internally at low dosage as a flavoring component or in pharmaceutical products at the recommended rate, cineole-based 'oil of eucalyptus' is safe for adults. However, systemic toxicity can result from ingestion or topical application at higher than recommended doses. The probable lethal dose of pure eucalyptus oil for an adult is in the range of 0.05 mL to 0.5 mL / per kg of body weight . Because of their high body surface area to mass ratio, children are more vulnerable to poisons absorbed trans dermally. Severe poisoning has occurred in children after ingestion of 4 mL to 5 mL of eucalyptus oil.
Safety Profile
A human poison by
ingestion. Moderately toxic by skin contact.
Human systemic effects by ingestion: cihary
eye spasms, nausea or vomiting, respiratory
depression, somnolence, sweating. A skin
irritant. When heated to decomposition it
emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See
also ALDEHYDES.
Metabolism
1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol), the chief constituent of eucalyptus oil, apparently undergoes oxidation in vivo with the formation of hydroxycineole which is excreted as hyd roxycineoleglucuronic acid (Williams, 1959).
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 8000-48-4 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 8,0,0 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 8000-48:
(6*8)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*0)+(2*4)+(1*8)=64
64 % 10 = 4
So 8000-48-4 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
