4468-02-4 Usage
Description
Zinc gluconate is a white, hygroscopic, crystalline powder that is easily soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is an excellent nutrient zinc enhancer, with better absorption effects than inorganic zinc, and plays a significant role in the intellectual and physiological development of infants and young people.
Uses
Used in Nutritional Supplements:
Zinc gluconate is used as a nutrient zinc enhancer for promoting the intellectual and physiological development of infants and young people.
Used in Food Industry:
Zinc gluconate is used as a food additive, with specific usage amounts in various products such as salt (800-1000mg/kg), dairy products (230-470mg/kg), infant and child food (195-545mg/kg), cereals and their products (160-320mg/kg), and beverages and milk beverages (40-80mg/kg).
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Zinc gluconate is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate and is the most common standalone zinc supplement, used in zinc lozenges and other supplements.
Used in Cosmetics and Personal Care:
Zinc gluconate helps maintain the skin in good condition and acts as a deodorant by preventing the growth of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or yeast. It could also be effectively used in anti-acne products.
Used in Cleaning Products:
Zinc gluconate hydrate is used as a chelating agent in high alkalinity bottle washes and other cleansers, as well as in finish removers.
Used in Tanning and Textile Industry:
Zinc gluconate is used as a chelating agent in the tanning and textile industry.
Biotechnological Applications:
Zinc gluconate has been shown to be better absorbed than zinc sulfate in some studies and has given positive results in supplementation studies, including those for malnutrition situations. However, in some applications, it may not be the absolute best source of zinc, as other forms like zinc amino acid chelates have shown better results in certain cases.
Organic zinc supplementation agent
Zinc can activate a variety of important antioxidant enzymes, thereby eliminating the damage of oxygen free radicals, maintaining the normal permeability of the cell membrane to protect the normal biochemical composition of cell membranes, metabolic structure and function. Zinc can not only induce the activation of T lymphocyte but also activate the B lymphocytes. Zinc is also involved in antibody formation and release, and stimulating immune cells to secrete a variety of cytokines. Lack of zinc in elderly people can cause immune function disorder; zinc can affect the synthesis of insulin, secretion, storage, degradation and biological activity, being the major trace amount element directly affecting the insulin physiology. Zinc can improve the body's sensitivity to insulin.
Zinc gluconate is an organic zinc supplement with fewer side effects than zinc sulfate and better absorption as well. It has certain efficacy on the treatment of zinc deficiency caused growth retardation, malnutrition, anorexia, recurrent oral ulcers, acne and senile zinc deficiency as well as immune dysfunction. It is mainly absorbed in the small intestine after oral administration with 1h reaching the peak but declining at about 2h. In the body, it is widely distributed in the liver, intestine, spleen, pancreas, heart, kidney, lung, muscle, central nervous system and bone. It is mainly excreted by the feces with a small amount excreted through the urine and milk. The bioavailability of it is about 1.6 times as high as that of zinc sulfate.
This product can be used to delay aging, enhance immune response, treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Oral administration amount calculated on zinc element is 10~25 mg 2 times per day and administrated after meals. Adverse reactions after meal mainly include stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting. Zinc gluconate should not be subject to fasting medication and should not be overdosed which can affect the absorption of iron.
Production method
There are many routes of synthesis of gluconate zinc with reasonable ways including fermentation, air catalytic oxidation and calcium gluconate indirect synthesis.
Fermentation
Take glucose as raw materials with Aspergillus fermentation (oxidation) to generate into gluconic acid. After separation, purification, gluconate is neutralized by zinc oxide or zinc hydroxide for preparation of zinc gluconate.
C6H12O6 + O2 [Aspergillus niger] → C6H11O6OH [ZnO] → (C6H11O6O) 2Zn + H2O
The method is mainly used domestically and abroad, the reaction is simple; easy to get raw materials; low cost, but the fermentation process requires a higher technology.
Air catalytic oxidation method
Under the presence of the catalyst, the glucose is oxidized by air to produce gluconic acid; and then the sodium hydroxide solution is added dropwise to until the pH value reaches 9.0 to 10.0 so as to be converted into sodium gluconate; after filtering and separating the catalyst, the sodium gluconate solution is oxidized by strong acid cations exchange resin into high-purity gluconic acid solution; finally reacted with zinc oxide or zinc hydroxide to form zinc gluconate with concentration, crystallization and re-crystallization to obtain the product with the yield being over 80%.
C6H12O6 + O2 [catalyst] → C6H11O6OH [NaOH] → C6H11O6ONa + H2O
C6H11O6Ona [R-H] → C6H11O6OH [ZnO] → (C6H11O6O) 2Zn + H2O
The method is easy to obtain raw materials with low cost and good product quality.
Indirect synthesis from calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate, after being acidified by sulfuric acid is filtered to remove calcium sulfate precipitate to generate gluconic acid solution, which after being purified by ion exchange resin, has reaction with zinc oxide or zinc hydroxide to generate zinc gluconate; further carry out filtration, crystallization and drying to get the finished product.
(C6H11O6O) 2Ca [H2SO4] → C6H11O6OH [ZnO] → (C6H11O6O) 2Zn + H2O
Add 27 mL (0.5 mol) concentrated sulfuric acid to 500 mL water; successively add 224 g (0.5 mo1) of calcium gluconate and the reaction was carried out at 90 ° C for 1.5 h. The calcium sulfate precipitate was filtered off to give a pale yellow liquid. After cooling, the liquid flowed at a flow rate corresponding to resin volume per minute through the exchange column equipped with the same amount of anion and cation exchange resin to obtain a colorless transparent gluconic acid solution with the relative density of 1.10 to 1.12. The content is 20% and the yield is 95%.
Take 0.1 mol of gluconic acid solution, and separately add 4.1 g (0.05 mol) of zinc oxide for reaction at 60 ° C for 2 hours. Add drop wise of gluconate liquid to pH=5.7 at the same time and concentrate the 1/3 the volume of the original volume. Add 10 mL 95% ethanol and stand 8 h. The product was purified by crystallization, separation and vacuum drying to obtain 21.8 g product with a 96% yield and purity of 99.3%.
It can be obtained through the neutralization between zinc oxide and gluconic acid.
Identification test
The zinc test (IT-33) of the 10% sample liquid was positive.
Take 5 mL of 10% warm sample solution; add 0.7 ml acetic acid and 1 ml new distillated phenylhydrazine for heating in the steam bath for 30min, let it cool. Scratch the inner wall of container with glass rod and it should produce gluconic acid phenylhydrazine crystals.
Content analysis
Weigh approximately 700 mg of the sample, dissolve it in 100 ml of water (heat if necessary); add 5 ml of ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution (TS-12) and 0.1 ml of wool chromium black test solution (TS-97). Apply 0.05mol/L of EDTA disodium titration solution for titration to blue color. Each mL of 0.05 mL/L of EDTA disodium corresponds to 22.78 mg of zinc gluconate (C12H22O14Zn).
Usage limit
GB 14880-94 (mg/kg): dairy products 230~470; infant food 195~545; cereals and their products, beverages 80~160; salt: 500.
FDA, §182.5988 (2000): take GMP as limit.
GB 2760-2000: soft drinks 21.0~56mg/kg; children over one year old and children milk powder, 0.05~1.175g/kg (all in Zn).
According to the provisions of Japan, it is allowed to be used in breast milk substitute. The zinc content in per liter of standard milk concentration of breast milk substitute shall not exceed 6mg.
Toxicity
GRAS (FDA, § 182.8988, 2000); LD50 3.06 g/kg (mouse, oral);
Flammability and Explosibility
Notclassified
Safety Profile
Experimental
reproductive effects. W'hen heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of ZnO.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 4468-02-4 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 4,4,6 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 4468-02:
(6*4)+(5*4)+(4*6)+(3*8)+(2*0)+(1*2)=94
94 % 10 = 4
So 4468-02-4 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
