13087-18-8Relevant articles and documents
Dioxybenzone triggers enhanced estrogenic effect via metabolic activation: in silico, in vitro and in vivo investigation
Zhan, Tingjie,Zhang, Leili,Cui, Shixuan,Liu, Weiping,Zhou, Ruhong,Zhuang, Shulin
, (2021)
Dioxybenzone is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products and frequently detected in multiple environmental media and human samples. However, the current understanding of the metabolic susceptibility of dioxybenzone and the potential endocrine disruption through its metabolites in mimicking human estrogens remains largely unclear. Here we investigated the in vitro metabolism of dioxybenzone, detected the residue of metabolites in rats, and determined the estrogenic disrupting effects of these metabolites toward estrogen receptor α (ERα). In vitro metabolism revealed two major metabolites from dioxybenzone, i.e., M1 through the demethylation of methoxy moiety and M2 through hydroxylation of aromatic carbon. M1 and M2 were both rapidly detected in rat plasma upon exposure to dioxybenzone, which were then distributed into organs of rats in the order of livers > kidneys > uteri > ovaries. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation revealed that M1 and M2 formed hydrogen bond to residue Leu387 and Glu353, respectively, on ERα ligand binding domain, leading to a reduced binding free energy. M1 and M2 also significantly induced estrogenic effect in comparison to dioxybenzone as validated by the recombinant ERα yeast two-hybrid assay and uterotrophic assay. Overall, our study revealed the potential of metabolic activation of dioxybenzone to induce estrogenic disrupting effects, suggesting the need for incorporating metabolic evaluation into the health risk assessment of benzophenones and their structurally similar analogs. Dioxybenzone was metabolized into two major metabolites via hydroxylation and demethylation, which exhibited higher binding affinity and agonistic activity toward ERα than dioxybenzone.
2. 2' - dihydroxy - 4 - methoxy benzophenone preparation method
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Paragraph 0026; 0027; 0030; 0031; 0038; 0039; 0042; 0043, (2017/08/26)
A preparation method of 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone comprises the following steps: synthesizing 2,2'4-trihydroxybenzophenone from salicylic acid and resorcinol, and carrying out a methylation reaction on 2,2'4-trihydroxybenzophenone and dimethyl sulfate to prepare 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. The method has the advantages of high purification efficiency, good separation effect of byproducts, high product purity reaching 99.5%, and realization of industrial production requirements of the above product.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel aza-caged Garcinia xanthones
Zhang, Xiaojin,Li, Xiang,Sun, Haopeng,Jiang, Zhengyu,Tao, Lei,Gao, Yuan,Guo, Qinglong,You, Qidong
experimental part, p. 3288 - 3299 (2012/06/04)
Inspired by the therapeutic potential of the simplified caged xanthones, we have developed a chemical strategy for synthesizing novel aza-caged Garcinia analogues through a regioselective Claisen/Diels-Alder cascade reaction. The origin of regioselectivity has been explained using the DFT method. We have further evaluated the cell proliferation and IKKβ inhibitory activities of these compounds and studied their binding mode with IKKβ by molecular docking. The results suggested that the aza-caged scaffold provides a suitable modification site and the introduction of a hydrophobic moiety leads to improvement in the cytotoxicity and IKKβ inhibitory activity. The aza-caged compound 6c exhibited an IC50 value of 2.68, 2.10, 8.02 μM against the HepG2, A549 cells and IKKβ, respectively. Mechanism studies with 6c showed that the aza-caged compounds induce apoptosis and cell cycle S phase arrest in A549 cells.
