the reactor that had been precharged with aqueous ammonia. After the
introduction of H at a pressure of 1 MPa, the reactor was placed in a metal
was performed in a fixed bed flow reactor equipped with an online gas
chromatography (GC, Agilent 7890A). A flame ionization detector (FID) and
an Agilent Cyclodex-B column (30 m × 250 μm × 0.25 μm) were used to
detect and analyze IPA and gas products.
2
jacket wafer on an electronic hotplate (typically 493 K). After a fixed time,
the reaction was quickly terminated by cooling the reactor to room tem-
perature in cold water. The catalytic transformation of glucose to lactic
acid was performed in a round-bottom flask with Schlenk line. Degassed
water was added to the reactor that had been precharged with glucose and
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Ms. Kangjia Lu for providing the mem-
brane distillation devices. This work was supported by the National Univer-
sity of Singapore Young Investigator award and the Ministry of Education,
Singapore Tier-2 grant, respectively (R-279-000-462-112 and R-279-000-464-
133), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 91545203,
Ba(OH)
2 2
under N atmosphere. The flask was put in an oil bath on an elec-
tronic stirrer. After a fixed time, the liquid product was neutralized with
2+
sulfuric acid and filtered to remove Ba . The filtrate was added equal mole of
NaOH to prevent organic acids lose during freeze-dry. After freeze-drying, the
products were acidified with HCl and used as the substrates in the amination
step. The liquid products were analyzed by HPLC (Shimazu LC-20A) equipped
with both RI and UV detectors. Glucose and hydroxyl acids were quantified
2
1690082, and 21473141), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities (Grant 20720160029). SPring-8 is acknowledged for providing
EXAFS and XANES analysis (Proposal 2017A1256). E.M.K., and G.T.B. thank
the US Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy (EERE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) for funding under
Contract DE-AC36-08GO28308 with National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
The US Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for
publication, acknowledges that the US Government retains a nonexclusive,
paid up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published
form of this work, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes.
2 4
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a Poroshell 120 EC-C8 column (4.6 × 100 mm) by using a precolumn derivatization
method, where ortho-phthalaldehyde was used as the derivatization re-
agent. The dehydrogenation of isopropanol (IPA) over Ru and Pd catalysts
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