- Two competing reactions of tetrabutylammonium alginate in organic solvents: Amidation versus γ-lactone synthesis
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Biocompatibility and thickening properties predetermine alginates as ingredients in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Further chemical modifications are often desired for a product optimization. The introduction of hydrophobic groups can be realized by employing organic tetrabutylammonium alginate (TBA-Alg) solutions. The synthesis of alginic acid alkyl amides from TBA-Alg with 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI) as a coupling agent, however, has so far not resulted in a high degree of amidation. The analysis of the coupling reaction revealed the formation of mannuronic acid γ-lactone structures, which required a conformation change from 1C4 to 4C1. The opening of the γ-lactone required a high excess of butylamine. In the case of CMPI, triethylamine had to be added prior to the coupling agent in order to suppress the assumed alginic acid formation. The degrees of amidation achieved were up to 0.8, and for propylphosphonic anhydride as the coupling agent up to 1. The molecular weights of the alginic acid butyl amide were ≥35 kDa.
- Schleeh, Thomas,Madau, Mathieu,Roessner, Dierk
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- Molecular engineering of manipulated alginate-based polyurethanes
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The novel soluble alginate-based polyurethanes in organic solvents were synthesized by the reaction of NCO-terminated prepolymers and tributylammonium alginate (TBA-Alg) for the first time. The chemical structures of synthesized polyurethanes were characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR and TGA. The reaction completion was confirmed by disappearing of NCO band in FTIR spectra. Furthermore, a peak at 4.71 ppm and some small peaks at a range of 4.12-4.37 ppm in the 1H NMR of alginate-based polyurethanes were assigned to the backbone of alginate. The results of both FTIR and 1H NMR were remarkably confirmed by TGA data. The ionic nature of polyurethane backbone not only affects on thermal properties of samples, but it also changes the chemically-bonded alginate morphology. Both polyether and polyester based non-ionic polyurethanes extended by TBA-Alg illustrated the distinct alginate, whereas those ionomers extended by alginate were appeared as the continuous systems at nanoscale.
- Daemi, Hamed,Barikani, Mehdi
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